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  • 2 ὡς

    ὡς (Hom.+; loanw. in rabb.) relative adv. of the relative pron. ὅς. It is used as
    ① a comparative particle, marking the manner in which someth. proceeds, as, like
    ⓐ corresponding to οὕτως=‘so, in such a way’: σωθήσεται, οὕτως ὡς διὰ πυρός he will be saved, (but only) in such a way as (one, in an attempt to save oneself, must go) through fire (and therefore suffer fr. burns) 1 Cor 3:15. τὴν ἑαυτοῦ γυναῖκα οὕτως ἀγαπάτω ὡς ἑαυτόν Eph 5:33; cp. vs. 28. ἡμέρα κυρίου ὡς κλέπτης οὕτως ἔρχεται 1 Th 5:2. The word οὕτως can also be omitted ἀσφαλίσασθε ὡς οἴδατε make it as secure as you know how = as you can Mt 27:65. ὡς οὐκ οἶδεν αὐτός (in such a way) as he himself does not know = he himself does not know how, without his knowing (just) how Mk 4:27. ὡς ἀνῆκεν (in such a way) as is fitting Col 3:18. Cp. 4:4; Eph 6:20; Tit 1:5 (cp. Just., A I, 3, 1 ὡς πρέπον ἐστίν). ὡς πᾶσα γυνὴ γεννᾷ GJs 11:2; ὡς ἀπεκαλύφθη AcPlCor 1:8.
    ⓑ special uses
    α. in ellipses (TestAbr A 12 p. 90, 22 [Stone p. 28] θρόνος … ἐξαστράπτων ὡς πῦρ; TestJob 20:3 χρήσασθαι … ὡς ἐβούλετο; JosAs 12:7 πρὸς σὲ κατέφυγον ὡς παιδίον ἐπὶ τὸν πατέρα) ἐλάλουν ὡς νήπιος I used to speak as a child (is accustomed to speak) 1 Cor 13:11a; cp. bc; Mk 10:15; Eph 6:6a; Phil 2:22; Col 3:22. ὡς τέκνα φωτὸς περιπατεῖτε walk as (is appropriate for) children of light Eph 5:8; cp. 6:6b. ὡς ἐν ἡμέρᾳ as (it is one’s duty to walk) in the daylight Ro 13:13. The Israelites went through the Red Sea ὡς διὰ ξηρᾶς γῆς as (one travels) over dry land Hb 11:29. οὐ λέγει ὡς ἐπὶ πολλῶν ἀλλʼ ὡς ἐφʼ ἑνός he speaks not as one would of a plurality (s. ἐπί 8), but as of a single thing Gal 3:16.—Ro 15:15; 1 Pt 5:3. Also referring back to οὕτως (GrBar 6:16 ὡς γὰρ τὰ δίστομα οὕτως καὶ ὁ ἀλέκτωρ μηνύει τοῖς ἐν τῷ κόσμῳ like articulate beings the rooster informs earth’s inhabitants) οὕτως τρέχω ὡς οὐκ ἀδήλως I run as (a person) with a fixed goal 1 Cor 9:26a. Cp. ibid. b; Js 2:12.
    β. ὡς and the words that go w. it can be the subj. or obj., of a clause: γενηθήτω σοι ὡς θέλεις let it be done (= it will be done) for you as you wish Mt 15:28. Cp. 8:13; Lk 14:22 v.l. (for ὅ; cp. ὡς τὸ θέλημά σου OdeSol 11:21). The predicate belonging to such a subj. is to be supplied in οὐχ ὡς ἐγὼ θέλω (γενηθήτω) Mt 26:39a.—ἐποίησεν ὡς προσέταξεν αὐτῷ ὁ ἄγγελος he did as (= that which) the angel commanded him (to do) Mt 1:24; cp. 26:19 (on the structure s. RPesch, BZ 10, ’66, 220–45; 11, ’67, 79–95; cp. the formula Job 42:9 and the contrasting negation Ex 1:17; s. also Ex 3:21f); 28:15.—Practically equivalent to ὅ, which is a v.l. for it Mk 14:72 (JBirdsall, NovT 2, ’58, 272–75; cp. Lk 14:22 above).
    γ. ἕκαστος ὡς each one as or according to what Ro 12:3; 1 Cor 3:5; 7:17ab; Rv 22:12. ὡς ἦν δυνατὸς ἕκαστος each person interpreted them as best each could Papias (2:16).
    δ. in indirect questions (X., Cyr. 1, 5, 11 ἀπαίδευτοι ὡς χρὴ συμμάχοις χρῆσθαι) ἐξηγοῦντο ὡς ἐγνώσθη αὐτοῖς ἐν τῇ κλάσει τοῦ ἄρτου they told how he had made himself known to them when they broke bread together Lk 24:35. Cp. Mk 12:26 v.l. (for πῶς); Lk 8:47; 23:55; Ac 10:38; 20:20; Ro 11:2; 2 Cor 7:15.
    ② a conjunction marking a point of comparison, as. This ‘as’ can have a ‘so’ expressly corresponding to it or not, as the case may be; further, both sides of the comparison can be expressed in complete clauses, or one or even both may be abbreviated.
    ⓐ ὡς is correlative w. οὕτως=so. οὕτως … ὡς (so, in such a way) … as: οὐδέποτε ἐλάλησεν οὕτως ἄνθρωπος ὡς οὗτος λαλεῖ ὁ ἄνθρωπος J 7:46. ὡς … οὕτως Ac 8:32 (Is 53:7); 23:11; Ro 5:15 (ὡς τὸ παράπτωμα, οὕτως καὶ τὸ χάρισμα, both halves to be completed), 18. ὡς κοινωνοί ἐστε τῶν παθημάτων, οὕτως καὶ τῆς παρακλήσεως as you are comrades in suffering, so (shall you be) in comfort as well 2 Cor 1:7. Cp. 7:14; 11:3 v.l.—ὡς … καί as … so (Plut., Mor. 39e; Ath. 15, 2) Mt 6:10; Ac 7:51; 2 Cor 13:2; Gal 1:9; Phil 1:20.
    ⓑ The clause beginning w. ὡς can easily be understood and supplied in many cases; when this occurs, the noun upon which the comparison depends can often stand alone, and in these cases ὡς acts as a particle denoting comparison. οἱ δίκαιοι ἐκλάμψουσιν ὡς ὁ ἥλιος the righteous will shine out as the sun (shines) Mt 13:43. ὡς ἐπὶ λῃστὴν ἐξήλθατε συλλαβεῖν με as (one goes out) against a robber, (so) you have gone out to arrest me 26:55 (Mel., P. 79, 574 ὡς ἐπὶ φόνιον λῄστην). γίνεσθε φρόνιμοι ὡς οἱ ὄφεις be (as) wise as serpents (are) 10:16b. Cp. Lk 12:27; 21:35; 22:31; J 15:6; 2 Ti 2:17; 1 Pt 5:8.
    ⓒ Semitic infl. is felt in the manner in which ὡς, combined w. a subst., takes the place of a subst. or an adj.
    α. a substantive
    א. as subj. (cp. Da 7:13 ὡς υἱὸς ἀνθρώπου ἤρχετο; cp. 10:16, 18) ἐνώπιον τοῦ θρόνου (ἦν) ὡς θάλασσα ὑαλίνη before the throne there was something like a sea of glass Rv 4:6. Cp. 8:8; 9:7a. ἀφʼ ἑνὸς ἐγενήθησαν ὡς ἡ ἄμμος from one man they have come into being as the sand, i.e. countless descendants Hb 11:12.
    ב. as obj. (JosAs 17:6 εἶδεν Ἀσενὲθ ὡς ἅρμα πυρός) ᾂδουσιν ὡς ᾠδὴν καινήν they were singing, as it were, a new song Rv 14:3. ἤκουσα ὡς φωνήν I heard what sounded like a shout 19:1, 6abc; cp. 6:1.
    β. as adjective, pred. (mostly εἶναι, γίνεσθαι ὡς; the latter also in rendering of ךְּ to express the basic reality of something: GDelling, Jüd. Lehre u. Frömmigkeit ’67, p. 58, on ParJer 9:7) ἐὰν μὴ γένησθε ὡς τὰ παιδία if you do not become child-like Mt 18:3. ὡς ἄγγελοί εἰσιν they are similar to angels 22:30. πᾶσα σὰρξ ὡς χόρτος 1 Pt 1:24. Cp. Mk 6:34; 12:25; Lk 22:26ab; Ro 9:27 (Is 10:22); 29a (Is 1:9a); 1 Cor 4:13; 7:7f, 29–31; 9:20f; 2 Pt 3:8ab (Ps 89:4); Rv 6:12ab al. (cp. GrBar 14:1 ἐγένετο φωνὴ ὡς βροντή). Sim. also ποίησόν με ὡς ἕνα τῶν μισθίων σου treat me like one of your day laborers Lk 15:19.—The adj. or adjectival expr. for which this form stands may be used as an attribute πίστιν ὡς κόκκον σινάπεως faith like a mustard seed=faith no greater than a tiny mustard seed Mt 17:20; Lk 17:6. προφήτης ὡς εἷς τῶν προφητῶν Mk 6:15. Cp. Ac 3:22; 7:37 (both Dt 18:15); 10:11; 11:5. ἐγένετο ὡς εἷς τῶν φευγόντων AcPl Ha 5, 18. ἀρνίον ὡς ἐσφαγμένον a lamb that appeared to have been slaughtered Rv 5:6.—In expressions like τρίχας ὡς τρίχας γυναικῶν 9:8a the second τρίχας can be omitted as self-evident (Ps 54:7 v.l.): ἡ φωνὴ ὡς σάλπιγγος 4:1; cp. 1:10; 9:8b; 13:2a; 14:2c; 16:3.
    ⓓ other noteworthy uses
    α. ὡς as can introduce an example ὡς καὶ Ἠλίας ἐποίησεν Lk 9:54 v.l.; cp. 1 Pt 3:6; or, in the combination ὡς γέγραπται, a scripture quotation Mk 1:2 v.l.; 7:6; Lk 3:4; Ac 13:33; cp. Ro 9:25; or even an authoritative human opinion Ac 17:28; 22:5; 25:10; or any other decisive reason Mt 5:48; 6:12 (ὡς καί).
    β. ὡς introduces short clauses: ὡς εἰώθει as his custom was Mk 10:1. Cp. Hs 5, 1, 2. ὡς λογίζομαι as I think 1 Pt 5:12. ὡς ἐνομίζετο as was supposed Lk 3:23 (Diog. L. 3, 2 ὡς Ἀθήνησιν ἦν λόγος [about Plato’s origin]; TestAbr A 5 p. 82, 32 [Stone p. 12] ὡς ἐμοὶ δοκεῖ; Just., A I, 6, 2 ὡς ἐδιδάχθημεν). ὡς ἦν as he was Mk 4:36. ὡς ἔφην Papias (2:15) (ApcMos 42; cp. Just., A I, 21, 6 ὡς προέφημεν).
    γ. The expr. οὕτως ἐστὶν ἡ βασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ ὡς ἄνθρωπος βάλῃ τὸν σπόρον Mk 4:26 may well exhibit colloquial syntax; but some think that ἄν (so one v.l. [=ἐάν, which is read by many mss.]) once stood before ἄνθρωπος and was lost inadvertently. S. the comm., e.g. EKlostermann, Hdb. z. NT4 ’50 ad loc.; s. also Jülicher, Gleichn. 539; B-D-F §380, 4; Mlt. 185 w. notes; Rdm.2 154; Rob. 928; 968.
    ③ marker introducing the perspective from which a pers., thing, or activity is viewed or understood as to character, function, or role, as
    ⓐ w. focus on quality, circumstance, or role
    α. as (JosAs 26:7 ἔγνω … Λευὶς … ταῦτα πάντα ὡς προφήτης; Just., A I, 7, 4 ἵνα ὡς ἄδικος κολάζηται) τί ἔτι κἀγὼ ὡς ἁμαρτωλὸς κρίνομαι; why am I still being condemned as a sinner? Ro 3:7. ὡς σοφὸς ἀρχιτέκτων 1 Cor 3:10. ὡς ἀρτιγέννητα βρέφη as newborn children (in reference to desire for maternal milk) 1 Pt 2:2. μή τις ὑμῶν πασχέτω ὡς φονεύς 4:15a; cp. b, 16.—1:14; 1 Cor 7:25; 2 Cor 6:4; Eph 5:1; Col 3:12; 1 Th 2:4, 7a.—In the oblique cases, genitive (ApcSed 16:2 ὡς νέου αὐτοῦ ἐπαράβλεπον τὰ πταίσματα αὐτοῦ; Just., A I, 14, 4 ὑμέτερον ἔστω ὡς δυνατῶν βασιλέων): τιμίῳ αἵματι ὡς ἀμνοῦ ἀμώμου Χριστοῦ with the precious blood of Christ, as of a lamb without blemish 1 Pt 1:19. δόξαν ὡς μονογενοῦς παρὰ πατρός glory as of an only-begotten son, coming from the Father J 1:14. Cp. Hb 12:27. Dative (Ath. 14, 2 θύουσιν ὡς θεοῖς; 28, 3 πιστεύειν ὡς μυθοποιῷ; Stephan. Byz. s.v. Κυνόσαργες: Ἡρακλεῖ ὡς θεῷ θύων): λαλῆσαι ὑμῖν ὡς πνευματικοῖς 1 Cor 3:1a; cp. bc; 10:15; 2 Cor 6:13; Hb 12:5; 1 Pt 2:13f; 3:7ab; 2 Pt 1:19. Accusative (JosAs 22:8 ἠγάπα αὐτὸν ὡς ἄνδρα προφήτην; Just., A I, 4, 4 τὸ ὄνομα ὡς ἔλεγχον λαμβάνετε; Tat. 27, 1 ὡς ἀθεωτάτους ἡμᾶς ἐκκηρύσσετε; Ath. 16, 4 οὐ προσκυνῶ αὐτὰ ὡς θεοὺς): οὐχ ὡς θεὸν ἐδόξασαν Ro 1:21; 1 Cor 4:14; 8:7; Tit 1:7; Phlm 16; Hb 6:19; 11:9. παρακαλῶ ὡς παροίκους καὶ παρεπιδήμους 1 Pt 2:11 (from the perspective of their conversion experience the recipients of the letter are compared to temporary residents and disenfranchised foreigners, cp. the imagery 1 Pt 1:19 above and s. παρεπίδημος and πάροικος 2).—This is prob. also the place for ὸ̔ ἐὰν ποιῆτε, ἐργάζεσθε ὡς τῷ κυρίῳ whatever you have to do, do it as work for the Lord Col 3:23. Cp. Eph 5:22. εἴ τις λαλεῖ ὡς λόγια θεοῦ if anyone preaches, (let the pers. do so) as if (engaged in proclaiming the) words of God 1 Pt 4:11a; cp. ibid. b; 2 Cor 2:17bc; Eph 6:5, 7.
    β. ὡς w. ptc. gives the reason for an action as one who, because (X., Cyr. 7, 5, 13 κατεγέλων τῆς πολιορκίας ὡς ἔχοντες τὰ ἐπιτήδεια; Appian, Liby. 56 §244 μέμφεσθαι τοῖς θεοῖς ὡς ἐπιβουλεύουσι=as being hostile; Polyaenus 2, 1, 1; 3, 10, 3 ὡς ἔχων=just as if he had; TestAbr B 8 p. 112, 17 [Stone p. 72] ὡς αὐτῷ ὄντι φίλῳ μου (do it for) him [Abraham] as a friend of mine; TestJob 17:5 καθʼ ἡμῶν ὡς τυραννούντων against us as though we were tyrants; ApcMos 23 ὡς νομίζοντες on the assumption that (we would not be discovered); Jos., Ant. 1, 251; Ath. 16, 1 ὁ δὲ κόσμος οὐχ ὡς δεομένου τοῦ θεοῦ γέγονεν; SIG 1168, 35); Paul says: I appealed to the Emperor οὐχ ὡς τοῦ ἔθνους μου ἔχων τι κατηγορεῖν not that I had any charge to bring against my (own) people Ac 28:19 (PCairZen 44, 23 [257 B.C.] οὐχ ὡς μενῶν=not as if it were my purpose to remain there). ὡς foll. by the gen. abs. ὡς τὰ πάντα ἡμῖν τῆς θείας δυνάμεως αὐτοῦ δεδωρημένης because his divine power has granted us everything 2 Pt 1:3. Cp. Dg. 5:16.—Only in isolated instances does ὡς show causal force when used w. a finite verb for, seeing that (PLeid 16, 1, 20; Lucian, Dial. Mort. 17, 2, end, Vit. Auct. 25; Aesop, Fab. 109 P.=148 H.; 111 H-H.: ὡς εὐθέως ἐξελεύσομαι=because; Tetrast. Iamb. 1, 6, 3; Nicetas Eugen. 6, 131 H. Cp. Herodas 10, 3: ὡς=because [with the copula ‘is’ to be supplied]) Mt 6:12 (ὡς καί as Mk 7:37 v.l.; TestDan 3:1 v.l.; the parallel Lk 11:4 has γάρ). AcPlCor 1:6 ὡς οὖν ὁ κύριος ἠλέησεν ἡμᾶς inasmuch as the Lord has shown us mercy (by permitting us). So, more oft., καθώς (q.v. 3).
    γ. ὡς before the predicate acc. or nom. w. certain verbs functions pleonastically and further contributes to the aspect of perspective ὡς προφήτην ἔχουσιν τὸν Ἰωάννην Mt 21:26. Cp. Lk 16:1. λογίζεσθαί τινα ὡς foll. by acc. look upon someone as 1 Cor 4:1; 2 Cor 10:2 (for this pass. s. also c below). Cp. 2 Th 3:15ab; Phil 2:7; Js 2:9.
    ⓑ w. focus on a conclusion existing only in someone’s imagination or based solely on someone’s assertion (PsSol 8:30; Jos., Bell. 3, 346; Just., A I, 27, 5; Mel., P. 58, 422) προσηνέγκατέ μοι τὸν ἄνθρωπον τοῦτον ὡς ἀποστρέφοντα τὸν λαόν, καὶ ἰδοὺ … you have brought this fellow before me as one who (as you claim) is misleading the people, and now … Lk 23:14. τί καυχᾶσαι ὡς μὴ λαβών; why do you boast, as though you (as you think) had not received? 1 Cor 4:7. Cp. Ac 3:12; 23:15, 20; 27:30. ὡς μὴ ἐρχομένου μου as though I were not coming (acc. to their mistaken idea) 1 Cor 4:18. ὡς μελλούσης τῆς πόλεως αἴρεσθαι assuming that the city was being destroyed AcPl Ha 5, 16.
    ⓒ w. focus on what is objectively false or erroneous ἐπιστολὴ ὡς διʼ ἡμῶν a letter (falsely) alleged to be from us 2 Th 2:2a (Diod S 33, 5, 5 ἔπεμψαν ὡς παρὰ τῶν πρεσβευτῶν ἐπιστολήν they sent a letter which purported to come from the emissaries; Diog. L. 10:3 falsified ἐπιστολαὶ ὡς Ἐπικούρου; Just., A, II, 5, 5 ὡς ἀπʼ αὐτοῦ σπορᾷ γενομένους υἱούς). τοὺς λογιζομένους ἡμᾶς ὡς κατὰ σάρκα περιπατοῦντας 2 Cor 10:2 (s. also aγ above). Cp. 11:17; 13:7. Israel wishes to become righteous οὐκ ἐκ πίστεως ἀλλʼ ὡς ἐξ ἔργων not through faith but through deeds (the latter way being objectively wrong) Ro 9:32 (Rdm.2 26f). ὡς ἐκ παραδόσεως ἀγράφου εἰς αὐτὸν ἥκοντα (other matters he recounts) as having reached him through unwritten tradition (Eus. about Papias) Papias (2:11).
    ④ conj., marker of result in connection with indication of purpose=ὥστε so that (Trag., Hdt.+, though nearly always w. the inf.; so also POxy 1040, 11; PFlor 370, 10; Wsd 5:12; TestJob 39:7; ApcMos 38; Jos., Ant. 12, 229; Just., A I, 56, 2; Tat. 12, 2. W. the indic. X., Cyr. 5, 4, 11 οὕτω μοι ἐβοήθησας ὡς σέσῳσμαι; Philostrat., Vi. Apoll. 8, 7 p. 324, 25f; Jos., Bell. 3, 343; Ath. 15, 3; 22, 2) Hb 3:11; 4:3 (both Ps 94:11). ὡς αὐτὸν καθόλου τὸ φῶς μὴ βλέπειν Papias (3:2) (s. φῶς 1a). ὡς πάντας ἄχθεσθαι (s. ἄχθομαι) AcPl Ha 4, 14. ὡς πάντας … ἀγαλλιᾶσθαι 6, 31 al.
    ⑤ marker of discourse content, that, the fact that after verbs of knowing, saying (even introducing direct discourse: Maximus Tyr. 5:4f), hearing, etc.=ὅτι that (X., An. 1, 3, 5; Menand., Sam. 590 S. [245 Kö.]; Aeneas Tact. 402; 1342; PTebt 10, 6 [119 B.C.]; 1 Km 13:11; EpArist; Philo, Op. M. 9; Jos., Ant. 7, 39; 9, 162; 15, 249 al.; Just., A I, 60, 2; Tat. 39, 2; 41, 1; Ath. 30, 4.—ORiemann, RevPhilol n.s. 6, 1882, 73–75; HKallenberg, RhM n.s. 68, 1913, 465–76; B-D-F §396) ἀναγινώσκειν Mk 12:26 v.l. (for πῶς); Lk 6:4 (w. πῶς as v.l.). μνησθῆναι Lk 24:6 (D ὅσα); cp. 22:61 (=Lat. quomodo, as in ms. c of the Old Itala; cp. Plautus, Poen. 3, 1, 54–56). ἐπίστασθαι (Jos., Ant. 7, 372) Ac 10:28; 20:18b v.l. (for πῶς). εἰδέναι (MAI 37, 1912, 183 [= Kl. T. 110, 81, 10] ἴστε ὡς [131/132 A.D.]) 1 Th 2:11a. μάρτυς ὡς Ro 1:9; Phil 1:8; 1 Th 2:10.—ὡς ὅτι s. ὅτι 5b.
    ⑥ w. numerals, a degree that approximates a point on a scale of extent, about, approximately, nearly (Hdt., Thu. et al.; PAmh 72, 12; PTebt 381, 4 [VSchuman, ClW 28, ’34/35, 95f: pap]; Jos., Ant. 6, 95; Ruth 1:4; 1 Km 14:2; TestJob 31:2; JosAs 1:6) ὡς δισχίλιοι Mk 5:13. Cp. 8:9; Lk 1:56; 8:42; J 1:39; 4:6; 6:10, 19; 19:14, 39; 21:8; Ac 4:4; 5:7, 36; 13:18, 20; 27:37 v.l. (Hemer, Acts 149 n. 140); Rv 8:1.
    ⑦ a relatively high point on a scale involving exclamation, how! (X., Cyr. 1, 3, 2 ὦ μῆτερ, ὡς καλός μοι ὁ πάππος! Himerius, Or. 54 [=Or. 15], 1 ὡς ἡδύ μοι τὸ θέατρον=how pleasant … ! Ps 8:2; 72:1; TestJob 7:12) ὡς ὡραῖοι οἱ πόδες τῶν εὐαγγελιζομένων ἀγαθά Ro 10:15 (cp. Is 52:7). Cp. 11:33. ὡς μεγάλη μοι ἡ σήμερον ἡμέρα GJs 19:2.
    ⑧ temporal conjunction (B-D-F §455, 2; 3; Harnack, SBBerlAk 1908, 392).
    ⓐ w. the aor. when, after (Hom., Hdt. et al.; Diod S 14, 80, 1; pap [POxy 1489, 4 al.]; LXX; TestAbr B 3 p. 107, 6 [Stone p. 62]; JosAs 3:2; ParJer 3:1; ApcMos 22; Jos., Bell. 1, 445b; Just., D. 2, 4; 3, 1) ὡς ἐπλήσθησαν αἱ ἡμέραι Lk 1:23. ὡς ἐγεύσατο ὁ ἀρχιτρίκλινος J 2:9.—Lk 1:41, 44; 2:15, 39; 4:25; 5:4; 7:12; 15:25; 19:5; 22:66; 23:26; J 4:1, 40; 6:12, 16; 7:10; 11:6, 20, 29, 32f; 18:6; 19:33; 21:9; Ac 5:24; 10:7, 25; 13:29; 14:5; 16:10, 15; 17:13; 18:5; 19:21; 21:1, 12; 22:25; 27:1, 27; 28:4. AcPl Ha 3, 20.
    ⓑ w. pres. or impf. while, when, as long as (Menand., Fgm. 538, 2 K. ὡς ὁδοιπορεῖς; Cyrill. Scyth. [VI A.D.] ed. ESchwartz ’39 p. 143, 1; 207, 22 ὡς ἔτι εἰμί=as long as I live) ὡς ὑπάγεις μετὰ τοῦ ἀντιδίκου σου while you are going with your opponent Lk 12:58. ὡς ἐλάλει ἡμῖν, ὡς διήνοιγεν ἡμῖν τὰς γραφάς while he was talking, while he was opening the scriptures to us 24:32.—J 2:23; 8:7; 12:35f ( as long as; cp. ἕως 2a); Ac 1:10; 7:23; 9:23; 10:17; 13:25; 19:9; 21:27; 25:14; Gal 6:10 ( as long as); 2 Cl 8:1; 9:7; IRo 2:2; ISm 9:1 (all four as long as).—ὡς w. impf., and in the next clause the aor. ind. w. the same subject (Diod S 15, 45, 4 ὡς ἐθεώρουν …, συνεστήσαντο ‘when [or ‘as soon as’] they noticed …, they put together [a fleet]’; SIG 1169, 58 ὡς ἐνεκάθευδε, εἶδε ‘while he was sleeping [or ‘when he went to sleep’] [in the temple] he saw [a dream or vision]’) Mt 28:9 v.l.; J 20:11; Ac 8:36; 16:4; 22:11.— Since (Soph., Oed. R. 115; Thu. 4, 90, 3) ὡς τοῦτο γέγονεν Mk 9:21.
    ⓒ ὡς ἄν or ὡς ἐάν w. subjunctive of the time of an event in the future when, as soon as.
    α. ὡς ἄν (Hyperid. 2, 43, 4; Herodas 5, 50; Lucian, Cronosolon 11; PHib 59, 1 [c. 245 B.C.] ὡς ἂν λάβῃς; UPZ 71, 18 [152 B.C.]; PTebt 26, 2. Cp. Witkowski 87; Gen 12:12; Josh 2:14; Is 8:21; Da 3:15 Theod.; Ath. 31, 3 [ἐάν Schwartz]) Ro 15:24; 1 Cor 11:34; Phil 2:23.
    β. ὡς ἐάν (PFay 111, 16 [95/96 A.D.] ὡς ἐὰν βλέπῃς) 1 Cl 12:5f; Hv 3, 8, 9; 3, 13, 2.
    ⓓ w. the superlative ὡς τάχιστα (a bookish usage; s. B-D-F §244, 1; Rob. 669) as quickly as possible Ac 17:15 (s. ταχέως 1c).
    ⑨ a final particle, expressing intention/purpose, with a view to, in order to
    ⓐ w. subjunctive (Hom.+; TestAbr A 4 p. 80, 33 [Stone p. 8]; SibOr 3, 130; Synes., Hymni 3, 44 [NTerzaghi ’39]) ὡς τελειώσω in order that I might finish Ac 20:24 v.l. (s. Mlt. 249).
    ⓑ w. inf. (X.; Arrian [very oft.: ABoehner, De Arriani dicendi genere, diss. Erlangen 1885 p. 56]; PGen 28, 12 [II A.D.]; ZPE 8, ’71, 177: letter of M. Ant. 57, cp. 44–46; 3 Macc 1:2; Joseph.; cp. the use of the opt. Just., D. 2, 3) Lk 9:52. ὡς τελειῶσαι Ac 20:24. ὡς ἔπος εἰπεῖν Hb 7:9 (s. ἔπος).
    ⓒ used w. prepositions to indicate the direction intended (Soph., Thu., X. [Kühner-G. I 472 note 1]; Polyb. 1, 29, 1; LRadermacher, Philol 60, 1901, 495f) πορεύεσθαι ὡς ἐπὶ τὴν θάλασσαν Ac 17:14 v.l.—WStählin, Symbolon, ’58, 99–104. S. also ὡσάν, ὡσαύτως, ὡσεί 2, ὥσπερ b, ὡσπερεί, ὥστε 2b. DELG. M-M.

    Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά παλαιοχριστιανική Λογοτεχνία > ὡς

  • 3 Artificial Intelligence

       In my opinion, none of [these programs] does even remote justice to the complexity of human mental processes. Unlike men, "artificially intelligent" programs tend to be single minded, undistractable, and unemotional. (Neisser, 1967, p. 9)
       Future progress in [artificial intelligence] will depend on the development of both practical and theoretical knowledge.... As regards theoretical knowledge, some have sought a unified theory of artificial intelligence. My view is that artificial intelligence is (or soon will be) an engineering discipline since its primary goal is to build things. (Nilsson, 1971, pp. vii-viii)
       Most workers in AI [artificial intelligence] research and in related fields confess to a pronounced feeling of disappointment in what has been achieved in the last 25 years. Workers entered the field around 1950, and even around 1960, with high hopes that are very far from being realized in 1972. In no part of the field have the discoveries made so far produced the major impact that was then promised.... In the meantime, claims and predictions regarding the potential results of AI research had been publicized which went even farther than the expectations of the majority of workers in the field, whose embarrassments have been added to by the lamentable failure of such inflated predictions....
       When able and respected scientists write in letters to the present author that AI, the major goal of computing science, represents "another step in the general process of evolution"; that possibilities in the 1980s include an all-purpose intelligence on a human-scale knowledge base; that awe-inspiring possibilities suggest themselves based on machine intelligence exceeding human intelligence by the year 2000 [one has the right to be skeptical]. (Lighthill, 1972, p. 17)
       4) Just as Astronomy Succeeded Astrology, the Discovery of Intellectual Processes in Machines Should Lead to a Science, Eventually
       Just as astronomy succeeded astrology, following Kepler's discovery of planetary regularities, the discoveries of these many principles in empirical explorations on intellectual processes in machines should lead to a science, eventually. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)
       Many problems arise in experiments on machine intelligence because things obvious to any person are not represented in any program. One can pull with a string, but one cannot push with one.... Simple facts like these caused serious problems when Charniak attempted to extend Bobrow's "Student" program to more realistic applications, and they have not been faced up to until now. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 77)
       What do we mean by [a symbolic] "description"? We do not mean to suggest that our descriptions must be made of strings of ordinary language words (although they might be). The simplest kind of description is a structure in which some features of a situation are represented by single ("primitive") symbols, and relations between those features are represented by other symbols-or by other features of the way the description is put together. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)
       [AI is] the use of computer programs and programming techniques to cast light on the principles of intelligence in general and human thought in particular. (Boden, 1977, p. 5)
       The word you look for and hardly ever see in the early AI literature is the word knowledge. They didn't believe you have to know anything, you could always rework it all.... In fact 1967 is the turning point in my mind when there was enough feeling that the old ideas of general principles had to go.... I came up with an argument for what I called the primacy of expertise, and at the time I called the other guys the generalists. (Moses, quoted in McCorduck, 1979, pp. 228-229)
       9) Artificial Intelligence Is Psychology in a Particularly Pure and Abstract Form
       The basic idea of cognitive science is that intelligent beings are semantic engines-in other words, automatic formal systems with interpretations under which they consistently make sense. We can now see why this includes psychology and artificial intelligence on a more or less equal footing: people and intelligent computers (if and when there are any) turn out to be merely different manifestations of the same underlying phenomenon. Moreover, with universal hardware, any semantic engine can in principle be formally imitated by a computer if only the right program can be found. And that will guarantee semantic imitation as well, since (given the appropriate formal behavior) the semantics is "taking care of itself" anyway. Thus we also see why, from this perspective, artificial intelligence can be regarded as psychology in a particularly pure and abstract form. The same fundamental structures are under investigation, but in AI, all the relevant parameters are under direct experimental control (in the programming), without any messy physiology or ethics to get in the way. (Haugeland, 1981b, p. 31)
       There are many different kinds of reasoning one might imagine:
        Formal reasoning involves the syntactic manipulation of data structures to deduce new ones following prespecified rules of inference. Mathematical logic is the archetypical formal representation. Procedural reasoning uses simulation to answer questions and solve problems. When we use a program to answer What is the sum of 3 and 4? it uses, or "runs," a procedural model of arithmetic. Reasoning by analogy seems to be a very natural mode of thought for humans but, so far, difficult to accomplish in AI programs. The idea is that when you ask the question Can robins fly? the system might reason that "robins are like sparrows, and I know that sparrows can fly, so robins probably can fly."
        Generalization and abstraction are also natural reasoning process for humans that are difficult to pin down well enough to implement in a program. If one knows that Robins have wings, that Sparrows have wings, and that Blue jays have wings, eventually one will believe that All birds have wings. This capability may be at the core of most human learning, but it has not yet become a useful technique in AI.... Meta- level reasoning is demonstrated by the way one answers the question What is Paul Newman's telephone number? You might reason that "if I knew Paul Newman's number, I would know that I knew it, because it is a notable fact." This involves using "knowledge about what you know," in particular, about the extent of your knowledge and about the importance of certain facts. Recent research in psychology and AI indicates that meta-level reasoning may play a central role in human cognitive processing. (Barr & Feigenbaum, 1981, pp. 146-147)
       Suffice it to say that programs already exist that can do things-or, at the very least, appear to be beginning to do things-which ill-informed critics have asserted a priori to be impossible. Examples include: perceiving in a holistic as opposed to an atomistic way; using language creatively; translating sensibly from one language to another by way of a language-neutral semantic representation; planning acts in a broad and sketchy fashion, the details being decided only in execution; distinguishing between different species of emotional reaction according to the psychological context of the subject. (Boden, 1981, p. 33)
       Can the synthesis of Man and Machine ever be stable, or will the purely organic component become such a hindrance that it has to be discarded? If this eventually happens-and I have... good reasons for thinking that it must-we have nothing to regret and certainly nothing to fear. (Clarke, 1984, p. 243)
       The thesis of GOFAI... is not that the processes underlying intelligence can be described symbolically... but that they are symbolic. (Haugeland, 1985, p. 113)
        14) Artificial Intelligence Provides a Useful Approach to Psychological and Psychiatric Theory Formation
       It is all very well formulating psychological and psychiatric theories verbally but, when using natural language (even technical jargon), it is difficult to recognise when a theory is complete; oversights are all too easily made, gaps too readily left. This is a point which is generally recognised to be true and it is for precisely this reason that the behavioural sciences attempt to follow the natural sciences in using "classical" mathematics as a more rigorous descriptive language. However, it is an unfortunate fact that, with a few notable exceptions, there has been a marked lack of success in this application. It is my belief that a different approach-a different mathematics-is needed, and that AI provides just this approach. (Hand, quoted in Hand, 1985, pp. 6-7)
       We might distinguish among four kinds of AI.
       Research of this kind involves building and programming computers to perform tasks which, to paraphrase Marvin Minsky, would require intelligence if they were done by us. Researchers in nonpsychological AI make no claims whatsoever about the psychological realism of their programs or the devices they build, that is, about whether or not computers perform tasks as humans do.
       Research here is guided by the view that the computer is a useful tool in the study of mind. In particular, we can write computer programs or build devices that simulate alleged psychological processes in humans and then test our predictions about how the alleged processes work. We can weave these programs and devices together with other programs and devices that simulate different alleged mental processes and thereby test the degree to which the AI system as a whole simulates human mentality. According to weak psychological AI, working with computer models is a way of refining and testing hypotheses about processes that are allegedly realized in human minds.
    ... According to this view, our minds are computers and therefore can be duplicated by other computers. Sherry Turkle writes that the "real ambition is of mythic proportions, making a general purpose intelligence, a mind." (Turkle, 1984, p. 240) The authors of a major text announce that "the ultimate goal of AI research is to build a person or, more humbly, an animal." (Charniak & McDermott, 1985, p. 7)
       Research in this field, like strong psychological AI, takes seriously the functionalist view that mentality can be realized in many different types of physical devices. Suprapsychological AI, however, accuses strong psychological AI of being chauvinisticof being only interested in human intelligence! Suprapsychological AI claims to be interested in all the conceivable ways intelligence can be realized. (Flanagan, 1991, pp. 241-242)
        16) Determination of Relevance of Rules in Particular Contexts
       Even if the [rules] were stored in a context-free form the computer still couldn't use them. To do that the computer requires rules enabling it to draw on just those [ rules] which are relevant in each particular context. Determination of relevance will have to be based on further facts and rules, but the question will again arise as to which facts and rules are relevant for making each particular determination. One could always invoke further facts and rules to answer this question, but of course these must be only the relevant ones. And so it goes. It seems that AI workers will never be able to get started here unless they can settle the problem of relevance beforehand by cataloguing types of context and listing just those facts which are relevant in each. (Dreyfus & Dreyfus, 1986, p. 80)
       Perhaps the single most important idea to artificial intelligence is that there is no fundamental difference between form and content, that meaning can be captured in a set of symbols such as a semantic net. (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)
        18) The Assumption That the Mind Is a Formal System
       Artificial intelligence is based on the assumption that the mind can be described as some kind of formal system manipulating symbols that stand for things in the world. Thus it doesn't matter what the brain is made of, or what it uses for tokens in the great game of thinking. Using an equivalent set of tokens and rules, we can do thinking with a digital computer, just as we can play chess using cups, salt and pepper shakers, knives, forks, and spoons. Using the right software, one system (the mind) can be mapped into the other (the computer). (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)
        19) A Statement of the Primary and Secondary Purposes of Artificial Intelligence
       The primary goal of Artificial Intelligence is to make machines smarter.
       The secondary goals of Artificial Intelligence are to understand what intelligence is (the Nobel laureate purpose) and to make machines more useful (the entrepreneurial purpose). (Winston, 1987, p. 1)
       The theoretical ideas of older branches of engineering are captured in the language of mathematics. We contend that mathematical logic provides the basis for theory in AI. Although many computer scientists already count logic as fundamental to computer science in general, we put forward an even stronger form of the logic-is-important argument....
       AI deals mainly with the problem of representing and using declarative (as opposed to procedural) knowledge. Declarative knowledge is the kind that is expressed as sentences, and AI needs a language in which to state these sentences. Because the languages in which this knowledge usually is originally captured (natural languages such as English) are not suitable for computer representations, some other language with the appropriate properties must be used. It turns out, we think, that the appropriate properties include at least those that have been uppermost in the minds of logicians in their development of logical languages such as the predicate calculus. Thus, we think that any language for expressing knowledge in AI systems must be at least as expressive as the first-order predicate calculus. (Genesereth & Nilsson, 1987, p. viii)
        21) Perceptual Structures Can Be Represented as Lists of Elementary Propositions
       In artificial intelligence studies, perceptual structures are represented as assemblages of description lists, the elementary components of which are propositions asserting that certain relations hold among elements. (Chase & Simon, 1988, p. 490)
       Artificial intelligence (AI) is sometimes defined as the study of how to build and/or program computers to enable them to do the sorts of things that minds can do. Some of these things are commonly regarded as requiring intelligence: offering a medical diagnosis and/or prescription, giving legal or scientific advice, proving theorems in logic or mathematics. Others are not, because they can be done by all normal adults irrespective of educational background (and sometimes by non-human animals too), and typically involve no conscious control: seeing things in sunlight and shadows, finding a path through cluttered terrain, fitting pegs into holes, speaking one's own native tongue, and using one's common sense. Because it covers AI research dealing with both these classes of mental capacity, this definition is preferable to one describing AI as making computers do "things that would require intelligence if done by people." However, it presupposes that computers could do what minds can do, that they might really diagnose, advise, infer, and understand. One could avoid this problematic assumption (and also side-step questions about whether computers do things in the same way as we do) by defining AI instead as "the development of computers whose observable performance has features which in humans we would attribute to mental processes." This bland characterization would be acceptable to some AI workers, especially amongst those focusing on the production of technological tools for commercial purposes. But many others would favour a more controversial definition, seeing AI as the science of intelligence in general-or, more accurately, as the intellectual core of cognitive science. As such, its goal is to provide a systematic theory that can explain (and perhaps enable us to replicate) both the general categories of intentionality and the diverse psychological capacities grounded in them. (Boden, 1990b, pp. 1-2)
       Because the ability to store data somewhat corresponds to what we call memory in human beings, and because the ability to follow logical procedures somewhat corresponds to what we call reasoning in human beings, many members of the cult have concluded that what computers do somewhat corresponds to what we call thinking. It is no great difficulty to persuade the general public of that conclusion since computers process data very fast in small spaces well below the level of visibility; they do not look like other machines when they are at work. They seem to be running along as smoothly and silently as the brain does when it remembers and reasons and thinks. On the other hand, those who design and build computers know exactly how the machines are working down in the hidden depths of their semiconductors. Computers can be taken apart, scrutinized, and put back together. Their activities can be tracked, analyzed, measured, and thus clearly understood-which is far from possible with the brain. This gives rise to the tempting assumption on the part of the builders and designers that computers can tell us something about brains, indeed, that the computer can serve as a model of the mind, which then comes to be seen as some manner of information processing machine, and possibly not as good at the job as the machine. (Roszak, 1994, pp. xiv-xv)
       The inner workings of the human mind are far more intricate than the most complicated systems of modern technology. Researchers in the field of artificial intelligence have been attempting to develop programs that will enable computers to display intelligent behavior. Although this field has been an active one for more than thirty-five years and has had many notable successes, AI researchers still do not know how to create a program that matches human intelligence. No existing program can recall facts, solve problems, reason, learn, and process language with human facility. This lack of success has occurred not because computers are inferior to human brains but rather because we do not yet know in sufficient detail how intelligence is organized in the brain. (Anderson, 1995, p. 2)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Artificial Intelligence

  • 4 ζωή

    ζωή, ῆς, ἡ (Hom.+; in Hom. ‘living’=‘substance, property’, without which there would not be life; after Hom. ‘life, existence’ opp. death, then ‘way of life’ Hdt. 4, 112)
    ① life in the physical sense, life ἐν σαρκὶ ζ. Orig., C. Cels. 6, 59, 8)
    ⓐ opp. θάνατος (Pind. et al.; Lucian, Tox. 38; Sir 37:18; Pr 18:21; Philo; Just., A I, 57, 3; Mel., P. 49, 355) Ro 8:38; 1 Cor 3:22; Phil 1:20. ἐν τῇ ζωῇ σου during your life Lk 16:25 (s. Sir 30:5); cp. 12:15; Ac 8:33 (Is 53:8); Js 4:14; 1 Cl 16:8 (Is 53:8); 17:4 (cp. Job 14:5); 20:10; Hm 3:3. πᾶς χρόνος τῆς ζωῆς ἡμῶν B 4:9 (cp. PsSol 17:2; JosAs 13:12). πάσας τὰς ἡμέρας τῆς ζωῆς αὐτῶν Hs 9, 29, 2; cp. GJs 4:1; τὰς λοιπὰς τῆς ζωῆς ἡμέρας Hv 4, 2, 5; cp. v 5, 2; m 12, 2; Hs 6, 3, 6. τὴν ἐσχάτην ἡμέραν τῆς ζωῆς αὐτοῦ Hv 3, 12, 2. ἐν τῇ ζ. ταύτῃ in this life 1 Cor 15:19; also ζ. ἡ νῦν (opp. ἡ μέλλουσα) 1 Ti 4:8 (Tat. 14, 2). τέλος ζωῆς end of life Hb 7:3 (TestAbr A 1 p. 78, 5 [Stone p. 4]). ζωὴ κ. πνοή life and breath Ac 17:25 (cp. Gen 2:7; 7:22). πνεῦμα ζωῆς breath of life Rv 11:11 (cp. Gen 6:17; 7:15; TestAbr A 18 p. 100, 31 [Stone p. 48]). ψυχὴ ζωῆς living thing 16:3 (cp. Gen 1:30; Just., D. 6, 1 ἡ ψυχὴ ἤτοι ζωή ἐστιν ἢ ζωὴν ἔχει). πρὸς ζωῆς necessary for life 1 Cl 20:10. Of the indestructible life of those clothed in the heavenly body 2 Cor 5:4. The life of the risen Christ also has this character Ro 5:10; 2 Cor 4:10f; ζ. ἀκατάλυτος Hb 7:16. ὁδοὶ ζωῆς Ac 2:28 (Ps 15:11). Christ is ἐν θανάτῳ ζ. ἀληθινή IEph 7:2.
    ⓑ means of sustenance, livelihood (Hdt. et al.; Sir 4:1; 29:21) Hs 9, 26, 2.
    ⓒ the course or mode of one’s life (cp. βίος 1) Hm 8, 4 and 9; 11, 7 and 16; Hs 9, 16, 2 al. In some of these pass. a transition to the moral aspect is apparent.
    ② transcendent life, life
    ⓐ God and Christ
    α. God as ζωή Dg 9:6b; as ζωὴ αἰώνιος 1J 5:20. Of the cross IEph 18:1. It is true of God that ἔχει ζωὴν ἐν ἑαυτῷ J 5:26a. God’s commandment is eternal life 12:50 (cp. Philo, Fug. 198 God is the πρεσβυτάτη πηγὴ ζωῆς; Herm. Wr. 11, 13; 14; 12, 15 God the πλήρωμα τ. ζωῆς; PGM 3, 602 [s. Rtzst., Mysterienrel.3 286, ln. 11]; the deity called Νοῦς as ζωή and φῶς Herm. Wr. 1:9, 12, 17, 21, 32; 13:9, 18, 19. Cp. also Ps 35:10; 55:14; SibOr Fgm. 3, 34; JosAs 8:10f al.).
    β. of Christ, who received life fr. God J 5:26b (ἡ ζωὴ τῆς πίστεως ParJer 9:14). ἐν αὐτῷ ζ. ἦν 1:4a; cp. 1J 5:11b. He is the ἀρχηγὸς τ. ζωῆς Ac 3:15, the λόγος τ. ζωῆς 1J 1:1; cp. vs. 2, the ἄρτος τ. ζωῆς J 6:35, 48; cp. vs. 33 (EJanot, Le pain de vie: Gregorianum 11, 1930, 161–70), also simply ζωή 11:25; 14:6 or ἡ ζ. ὑμῶν Col 3:4; cp. B 2, 10; IMg 9:1. Since the life in him was τὸ φῶς τ. ἀνθρώπων J 1:4b, people through following him obtain τὸ φῶς τ. ζωῆς 8:12 (on the combination of light and life cp. 1QS 3, 7 and the Orph. Hymns to Helios no. 8, 18 Qu. ζωῆς φῶς, as well as Christian ins of Rome [Ramsay, Luke the Physician 1908 p. 375, 238 A.D.], where a father calls his dead son γλυκύτερον φωτὸς καὶ ζοῆς; s. also α above).—SBartina, La vida como historia en J 1:1–18, Biblica 49, ’68, 91–96.
    ⓑ The discussion now turns naturally to the life of the believers, which proceeds fr. God and Christ.
    α. without (clear) eschatol. implications, of the life of grace and holiness ἐν καινότητι ζωῆς περιπατεῖν walk in (i.e. live) a new life Ro 6:4; cp. IEph 19:3. ἀπηλλοτριωμένοι τ. ζωῆς τ. θεοῦ estranged fr. the life of God Eph 4:18 (cp. Philo, Post. Cai. 69 τῆς θεοῦ ζωῆς ἀπεσχοινίσθαι). ἡ ζωὴ τ. ἀνθρώπων the (true) life of persons (in God) Hm 2:1.—Of the life of salvation and of glory. It is ζ. κυρίου B 1:4 (cp. PGM 12, 255 κύριε τ. ζωῆς; 13, 783) or ζ. ἐν Χρ. Ἰησοῦ 2 Ti 1:1; cp. ζωὴν ὑμῖν ὁ κύριος χαρίζεται Hs 9, 28, 6; effected by his words or by the proclamation of the gospel: ῥήματα ζ. αἰωνίου J 6:68; cp. vs. 63. τὰ ῥήματα τῆς ζ. ταύτης Ac 5:20. λόγος ζωῆς word of life Phil 2:16; cp. 2 Ti 1:10; 2 Cor 4:12. Hence the apostle, proclaiming the gospel, can term himself the bearer of the ‘fragrance of Christ’, leading those appointed to this bliss, the rescued ἐκ ζωῆς εἰς ζωήν from life to life (i.e., as it seems, ever more deeply into the divine life) 2 Cor 2:16.—The Spirit stands w. Christ as the power of life πνεῦμα τῆς ζωῆς ἐν Χρ. Ἰησοῦ the spirit of life in Chr. J. Ro 8:2; cp. vss. 6, 10 and J 6:63.—Like the words of Christ, the divine ἐντολή is also to bring life Ro 7:10; Hm 7:5; Hs 8, 7, 6. This ζ. is regarded as God’s gift ζ. ἐν ἀθανασίᾳ 1 Cl 35:2. W. ἀφθαρσία 2 Ti 1:10; 2 Cl 14:5; IPol 2:3. W. γνῶσις D 9:3; Dg 12:3–7. W. εὐσέβεια 2 Pt 1:3. W. εἰρήνη Ro 8:6. W. σωτηρία 2 Cl 19:1. ἀγάπην ἥτις ἐστὶν ἀρχὴ ζωὴς καὶ τέλος IEph 14:1. Christians, who truly belong to the ἐκκλησία τῆς ζωῆς 2 Cl 14:1, are heirs of life, the gift of grace 1 Pt 3:7. This life, as long as they are in the body, κέκρυπται σὺν τ. Χριστῷ ἐν τῷ θεῷ is hidden with Christ in God Col 3:3. Those who forfeit their ζ. (=their real life in contrast to their physical existence as ψυχή) are excluded fr. the life of glory Hv 1, 1, 9; Hs 6, 2, 3; 8, 6, 4; 6; 8, 8, 2f; 5; 9, 21, 4.—Cp. also Ac 11:18 (s. 1QS 3, 1); 13:46, 48. ἡ ὁδὸς τῆς ζ. D 1:2; 4:14. τὰς τρίβους τῆς ζ. Hs 5, 6, 3. Esp. in Johannine usage the term ζ. is copiously employed, as a rule to designate the result of faith in Christ; in most cases it is stated expressly that the follower of Jesus possesses life even in this world: ἔχειν ζωήν (Theophr. in a scholion on Pla. 631c εἰ ζωὴν εἶχεν ὁ πλοῦτος=‘had life, were alive’) J 3:15f, 36a; 5:24a, 40; 6:40, 47, 51, 53f; 10:10; 20:31; 1J 3:15; 5:12ab, 13. διδόναι ζωήν (cp. Sb 8202, 3 [105 B.C.]) J 10:28; 17:2; 1J 5:11.—Cp. 5:16. ὁρᾶν ζωήν J 3:36b. μεταβεβηκέναι ἐκ τ. θανάτου εἰς τ. ζωήν to have passed fr. death into life J 5:24; 1J 3:14. Hence in the eschatol. pass. J 5:29 ἀνάστασις ζωῆς means not a resurrection to enter life (cp. 2 Macc 7:14 and MPol 14:2, where ἀνάστασις ζωῆς αἰ., it seems, is res. to everlasting life), but a resurrection which corresponds to the Christian’s possession of life here and now, a resurrection proceeding from life. J is fond of calling this Life ζ. αἰώνιος, as in many pass. just cited (s. αἰώνιος 3) J 3:15f, 36; 4:14, 36; 5:24, 39; 6:27, 40, 47, 54, 68; 10:28; 12:25, 50; 17:2f; 1J 1:2; 2:25; 3:15; 5:11, 13, 20. But the use of this expr. in our lit. is by no means limited to J and 1J; it is also found in Mt, Mk, Lk, Ac, Ro, Gal, 1 Ti, Tit, Jd, 2 Cl, Ign, MPol, Hermas, Didache (Just., Mel., Ath.; Orig., C. Cels. 2, 77, 31 [w. ἀνάστασις]; cp. αἴδιος ζ. Tat. 14, 2) w. unmistakable eschatol. connotation.
    β. ζ. (and ζ. αἰώνιος; cp. 1QS 4:7 and s. J 3:15 al.; opp. ἀπώλεια TestAbr B 8 p. 113, 2 [Stone p. 74]) is used of life in the blessed period of final consummation, in the foll. pass.: ἐν τῷ αἰῶνι τῷ ἐρχομένῳ ζ. αἰ. in the coming age eternal life Mk 10:30; Lk 18:30; cp. Mt 19:29 (Ar. 15, 3 ζ. τοῦ μέλλοντος αἰώνος). τί ποιήσω ἵνα ζ. αἰ. κληρονομήσω; Mk 10:17; cp. Lk 18:18; 10:25; Mt 19:16f (PsSol 14:10). As a result of the Last Judgment ἀπελεύσονται οἱ δίκαιοι εἰς ζ. αἰ. Mt 25:46 (cp. PsSol 13:11); s. also Ro 2:7 (cp. 1QS 4:6–8).—Cp. also Mt 7:14; 18:8f; Mk 9:43, 45; Ro 5:17f, 21; 6:22f; ζ. ἐκ νεκρῶν life for those who have come out of the state of death 11:15.—Gal 6:8; 1 Ti 1:16; 6:12, 19; 1 Pt 3:10 (Ps 33:13); Jd 21; 2 Cl 8:4, 6; Dg 9:1, 6a. For 2 Cor 5:4 s. 1a. Of martyrs τὴν αἰώνιον ζ. ἐξαγοραζόμενοι purchasing eternal life for themselves MPol 2:3 (Mosquensis, other Gk. codd. κόλασιν). W. ἀνάπαυσις τ. μελλούσης βασιλείας 2 Cl 5:5. This life is called ἡ ὄντως ζ. the real, true life (the redundancy may derive from awareness of a distinction sometimes made in the Gr-Rom. world between real living ζωή and biological existence βίος; s., e.g., IPriene 105, 10=OGI 458, 10; cp. Cass. Dio 69, 19) 1 Ti 6:19; ζωῆς ἀληθοῦς Dg 12:4; ἡ ἐπουράνιος ζ. 2 Cl 20:5; ἀί̈διος ζ. IEph 19:3 (s. ἀί̈διος). Hope is directed toward it, ζωῆς ἐλπίς B 1:6; cp. Tit 1:2; 3:7; Hs 9, 26, 2.—The references to future glory include the foll. expressions: βίβλος or βιβλίον (τῆς) ζωῆς (s. βίβλος 2) Phil 4:3; Rv 3:5; 13:8; 17:8; 20:12, 15; 21:27; Hv 1, 3, 2. τὸ ξύλον (τῆς) ζωῆς the tree of life (4 Macc 18:16; cp. Pr 3:18; Gen 2:9; PsSol 14:3; ParJer 9:16 [δένδρον]; ApcEsdr 2:11; ApcMos 19 al.; Philo.—ξύλον 3) Rv 2:7; 22:2, 14, 19; Dg 12:3f. στέφανος τ. ζωῆς (s. Bousset, Rel.3 277f; MDibelius on Js 1:12; FCumont, Études syriennes 1917, 63–69; s. στέφανος) Js 1:12; Rv 2:10. ὕδωρ (τῆς) ζωῆς (Just., D. 19, 2 βάπτισμα; cp. ὕδωρ 2) 21:6; 22:1, 17. πηγὴ ζωῆς B 11:2 (cp. Jer 2:13; Ps 35:10; OdeSol 11:6). ζωῆς πηγαὶ ὑδάτων springs of living water Rv 7:17. For ἄρτος τῆς ζωῆς s. ἄρτος 2 end.—FBurkitt, ZNW 12, 1911, 228–30; RCharles, A Critical Hist. of the Doctrine of a Fut. Life in Israel, in Judaism and in Christianity2 1913; FLindblom, D. ewige Leben 1914; Bousset, Rel.3 269–95; JFrey, Biblica 13, ’32, 129–68.—EvDobschütz, D. Gewissheit des ew. Leb. nach d. NT: ‘Dienet einander’ 29, 1920/21, 1–8; 43–52; 65–71; 97–101; JUbbink, Het eeuwige leven bij Pls 1917; ESommerlath, D. Ursprung d. neuen Lebens nach Pls2 1926; JMüller, D. Lebensbegr. d. Hl. Pls ’40; NvArseniew, D. neue Leben nach dem Eph: Internat. Kirchl. Ztschr. 20, 1930, 230–36; EvSchrenk, D. joh. Anschauung vom ‘Leben’ 1898; JFrey, ‘Vie’ dans l’Év. de St. Jean: Biblica 1, 1920, 37–58; 211–39; RBultmann, D. Eschatol. d. Joh Ev.: Zwischen d. Zeiten 6, 1928, 1ff; HPribnow, D. joh. Anschauung v. ‘Leben’ ’34; DLyons, The Concept of Eternal Life in J ’38; JKoole, Diorama Johanneum. Ζωή: GereformTT 43, ’42, 276–84; FMussner, ΖΩΗ (Joh. lit.), diss. Munich ’52; DHill, Gk. Words and Hebrew Mngs. ’67, 163–201.—B. 285. S. βίος and Schmidt, Syn. IV 40–53. DELG s.v. ζώω 1. EDNT. M-M. TW. Sv.

    Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά παλαιοχριστιανική Λογοτεχνία > ζωή

  • 5 क


    ka
    1) the first consonant of the alphabet, andﾠ the first guttural letter (corresponding in sound to k in keep orﾠ king)

    ká
    2) kas, kā, kim, interrog. pron. ( seeﾠ kim andﾠ 2. kad,

    andﾠ cf. the following words in which the interrogative base ka appears,
    katama, katara, kati, katham, kadā, karhi, kā, etc.),
    who? which? what?
    In its declension ka follows the pronoun tad except in nom. acc. sing. neut.,
    where kim has taken the place of kad orﾠ kat in classical Sanskṛit;
    but the old form kad is found in the Veda ( seeﾠ Gram. 227);
    + cf. Zd. ka, kô, kâ̱, kat;
    Gk. πόθεν, πῶς, (Ion. κόθεν, κῶς,) τίς, τί;
    Lat. quis, quid;
    Lith. kas ká;
    Goth. hvas, hvô, hva,
    Angl. Sax. hwā, hwaet;
    Eng. who, what
    The interrogative sentence introduced by ka is often terminated by iti
    (e.g.. kasyasaputraitikathyatām, let it be said, « whose son is he?»),
    but iti may be omitted andﾠ the sentence lose its direct interrogative character
    (e.g.. kasyasaputronajñāyate, it is not known whose son he is)
    ka with orﾠ without 1. as may express « how is it possible that?», « what power have I, you, they, etc.?»
    (e.g.. kemamadhanvino'nye, what can the other archers do against me?
    keāvāmparitrātum, what power have we to rescue you?)
    ka is often connected with a demonstrative pron.
    (e.g.. ko'yamāyāti, who comes here?)
    orﾠ with the potential (e.g.. kohariṉnindet, who will blame Hari?)
    ka is sometimes repeated
    (e.g.. kaḥko'tra, who is there?
    kānkān, whom? whom? i.e. which of them? cf. Gram. 54),
    andﾠ the repetition is often due to a kind of attraction
    (e.g.. keshāṉkiṉṡāstramadhyayanīyam, which book is to be read by whom?
    Gram. 836. a)
    When kim is connected with the inst. c. of a noun orﾠ with the indecl. participle it may express « what is gained by doing so, etc.?»
    (= ko'rthas);
    (e.g.. kiṉvilambena, what is gained by delay?
    kimbahunā, what is the use of more words?
    dhanenakiṉyonadadāti, what is the use of wealth to him who does not give?
    with inst. andﾠ gen.,
    nīrujaḥkimaushadhaiḥ, what is the use of medicine to the healthy?)
    ka is often followed by the particles iva, u, nāma, nu, vā, svid,
    some of which serve merely to generalize the interrogation
    (e.g.. kimivaetad, what can this be?
    kauṡravat, who can possibly hear?
    konāmajānāti, who indeed knows?
    konvayam, who, pray, is this?
    kiṉnukāryam, what is to be done?
    kovādevādanyaḥ, who possibly other than a god?
    kasyasvidhṛidayaṉnâ̱sti, of what person is there no heart?)
    ka is occasionally used alone as an indefinite pronoun, especially in negative sentences
    (e.g.. nakasyakovallabhaḥ, no one is a favourite of any one;
    nâ̱nyojānātikaḥ, no one else knows;
    kathaṉsaghātayatikam, how does he kill any one?)
    Generally, however, ka is only made indefinite when connected with the particles ca, caná, cid, vā, andﾠ ápi, in which case ka may sometimes be preceded by the relative ya
    (e.g.. yekeca, any persons whatsoever;
    yasyaikasyaicadevatāyai, to any deity whatsoever;
    yānikānicamitrāṇi, any friends whatsoever;
    yatkiṉca, whatever)
    The particle cana, being composed of ca andﾠ na, properly gives a negative force to the pronoun
    (e.g.. yasmādindrādṛitekiṉcana, without which Indra there is nothing),
    but the negative sense is generally dropped
    (e.g.. kaṡcana, any one;
    nakaṡcana, no one), andﾠ a relative is sometimes connected with it (e.g.. yatkiṉcana, anything whatsoever). Examples of cid with the interrogative are common;
    vā andﾠ api are not so common, but the latter is often found in classical Sanskṛit (e.g.. kaṡcid, any one;
    kecid, some;
    nakaṡcid, no one;
    nakiṉcidapi, nothing whatsoever;
    yaḥkaṡcid, any one whatsoever;
    kecit - kecit, some - others;
    yasminkasminvādeṡe, in any country whatsoever;
    nako'pi, no one;
    nakimapi, nothing whatever). ka may sometimes be used, like 2. kad, at the beginning of a compound. seeﾠ ka-pūya, etc.
    3) m. (according to native authorities) N. of Prajāpati orﾠ of a Prajāpati
    VS. XX, 4; XXII, 20 TS. I ṠBr. etc.. ;
    of Brahman MBh. I, 32 BhP. III, 12, 51; XII, 13, 19; 20 ;
    of Daksha BhP. IX, 10, 10 ;
    of Vishṇu L. ;
    of Yama L. ;
    of Garuḍa;
    the soul Tattvas. ;
    a particular comet VarBṛS. ;
    the sun L. ;
    fire L. ;
    splendour, light L. ;
    air L. ;
    a peacock L. ;
    the body L. ;
    time L. ;
    wealth L. ;
    sound L. ;
    a king L. ;
    = kāma-granthi (?);
    (am) n. happiness, joy, pleasure ChUp. IV, 10, 5 Nir. etc.. ;
    water MaitrS. I, 10, 10 ṠBr. X Yājñ. etc.. ;
    the head;
    hair, a head of hair L. ;
    ( alsoﾠ regarded as ind.;
    cf. 1. kam.)
    4) a Taddhita affix (much used in forming adjectives;
    it may alsoﾠ be added to nouns to express diminution, deterioration, orﾠ similarity e.g.. putraka, a little son;
    aṡvaka, a bad horse orﾠ like a horse)

    Sanskrit-English dictionary > क

  • 6 rastro

    m.
    1 trail (pista).
    seguir el rastro de alguien to trail somebody
    perder el rastro de alguien to lose track of somebody
    2 trace (vestigio).
    sin dejar rastro without trace
    no hay o queda ni rastro de él there's no sign of him
    cuando llegamos no había ni rastro de cerveza when we got there there wasn't a drop of beer left
    3 flea market (mercado).
    4 slaughtering house.
    pres.indicat.
    1st person singular (yo) present indicative of spanish verb: rastrar.
    * * *
    2 (señal) trace, track, sign; (olor) scent
    3 (vestigio) vestige
    4 (mercado) flea market
    \
    perder el rastro de alguien to lose somebody's trail
    seguir el rastro de alguien to follow somebody's trail
    * * *
    noun m.
    2) track, trail
    * * *
    SM
    1) (=pista) trail; (=olor) scent

    la policía ha seguido el rastro a o de los atracadores — the police have followed the robbers' trail

    2) (=señal) trace

    ni rastro: no ha quedado ni rastro del jamón — there isn't a scrap of ham left

    3) (Agr) (=rastrillo) rake; (=grada) harrow
    4) (=mercadillo) fleamarket

    el Rastro — fleamarket in Madrid

    5) † (=matadero) slaughterhouse
    * * *
    1) (pista, huella) trail; (señal, vestigio) trace, sign
    2) ( mercado) flea market
    * * *
    1) (pista, huella) trail; (señal, vestigio) trace, sign
    2) ( mercado) flea market
    * * *
    rastro1
    1 = trace.

    Ex: But there was no trace of sinisterness in Balzac's manner.

    * dejar rastro = leave + a trace.
    * desaparecer sin dejar rastro = evaporate into + thin air, vanish into + thin air, disappear into + thin air, disappear without + a trace, disappear into + the blue, vanish into + the blue.
    * sin dejar rastro = into thin air.

    rastro2

    Ex: Libraries should think carefully before rejecting 'the literature of the flea-market', for which there may be popular demand and without which serious study will be handicapped.

    * * *
    rastro (↑ rastro a1)
    A
    1 (pista, huella) trail
    seguimos el rastro del ladrón we are following o we are on the thief's trail
    2 (señal, vestigio) trace, sign
    del dinero no quedó ni rastro there was no sign of the money
    no dejaron ni rastro de la comida they ate every last bit of the food, they didn't leave a single scrap of food
    no demostró el menor rastro de egoísmo she displayed no trace of selfishness
    no le quedaba ni rastro de maquillaje en el rostro not a trace of makeup was left on her face
    desapareció sin dejar rastro she disappeared without (a) trace
    B (mercado) flea market
    C ( Méx) slaughter house
    In some parts of Spain, the name given to a weekly open-air flea market, where all kinds of items are sold. The name El Rastro as such refers to a very big market of this type held in Madrid at weekends.
    * * *

     

    rastro sustantivo masculino
    1 (pista, huella) trail;
    (señal, vestigio) trace, sign;

    2 ( mercado) flea market
    rastro sustantivo masculino
    1 (de un animal, etc) trail, track
    2 (vestigio) trace, sign
    sin dejar rastro, without a trace
    3 (mercado callejero) flea market
    ' rastro' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    huella
    - olfatear
    - parar
    - pista
    - reguero
    - regusto
    - resabio
    - seguir
    English:
    cold
    - flea market
    - market
    - self-pity
    - sign
    - trace
    - track
    - trail
    - vanish
    - flea
    - scent
    * * *
    rastro nm
    1. [pista] trail;
    perder el rastro de alguien to lose track of sb
    2. [vestigio] trace;
    desapareció sin dejar rastro he vanished without trace;
    no hay o [m5] queda ni rastro de él there's no sign of him;
    cuando llegamos no había ni rastro de cerveza when we got there there wasn't a drop of beer left
    3. [mercado] flea market
    4. Méx [matadero] abattoir, slaughterhouse
    * * *
    m
    1 street market
    2 ( huella) trace;
    desaparecer sin dejar rastro vanish without trace;
    seguir el rastro a alguien follow s.o.’s trail
    * * *
    rastro nm
    1) pista: trail, track
    2) vestigio: trace, sign
    * * *
    1. (pista) trail
    2. (señal, vestigio) trace / sign
    3. (mercadillo) flea market

    Spanish-English dictionary > rastro

  • 7 usurpar

    v.
    to usurp.
    * * *
    1 to usurp
    * * *
    VT [+ poder, trono] to usurp; [+ tierras] to seize
    * * *
    verbo transitivo (frml) <propiedad/título> to misappropriate; < territorio> to seize; < poder> to usurp
    * * *
    = usurp, hijack, take over, rip off, commandeer.
    Ex. Peter Jackaman fears 'that public libraries have failed to grasp the opportunity which this development offered, and as result their potential role has, in many cases, been usurped by other agencies'.
    Ex. Information may have been hijacked as the province of computer operators rather than librarians.
    Ex. We need to replace those aspects of traditional public library service which have been taken over by other media or rendered redundant by social change.
    Ex. Thee reader is being ripped off by bookselling chains demanding so-called 'bungs' for prime space.
    Ex. He was left without a scratch and pursued the shooter on foot until the gunman commandeered a passing car.
    * * *
    verbo transitivo (frml) <propiedad/título> to misappropriate; < territorio> to seize; < poder> to usurp
    * * *
    = usurp, hijack, take over, rip off, commandeer.

    Ex: Peter Jackaman fears 'that public libraries have failed to grasp the opportunity which this development offered, and as result their potential role has, in many cases, been usurped by other agencies'.

    Ex: Information may have been hijacked as the province of computer operators rather than librarians.
    Ex: We need to replace those aspects of traditional public library service which have been taken over by other media or rendered redundant by social change.
    Ex: Thee reader is being ripped off by bookselling chains demanding so-called 'bungs' for prime space.
    Ex: He was left without a scratch and pursued the shooter on foot until the gunman commandeered a passing car.

    * * *
    usurpar [A1 ]
    vt
    ( frml); ‹propiedad/título› to misappropriate; ‹territorio› to seize
    usurpar el poder/trono to usurp power/the throne ( frml)
    * * *

    usurpar ( conjugate usurpar) verbo transitivo (frml) ‹propiedad/título› to misappropriate;
    ‹ territorio› to seize;
    ‹ poder› to usurp
    usurpar verbo transitivo
    1 (las funciones, poder, etc) to usurp
    2 (una propiedad) to misappropriate
    ' usurpar' also found in these entries:
    English:
    encroach
    - usurp
    * * *
    to usurp
    * * *
    v/t usurp
    * * *
    : to usurp

    Spanish-English dictionary > usurpar

  • 8 πρῶτος

    πρῶτος, η, ον (Hom.+; loanw. in rabb.).
    ① pert. to being first in a sequence, inclusive of time, set (number), or space, first of several, but also when only two persons or things are involved (=πρότερος; exx. in Hdb. on J 1:15; Rdm.2 71f; Thackeray 183; s. also Mlt. 79; 245; B-D-F §62; Rob. 516; 662; and s. Mt 21:31 v.l.).
    ⓐ of time first, earliest, earlier
    α. as adj. ἀπὸ τῆς πρώτης ἡμέρας ἄχρι τοῦ νῦν Phil 1:5; cp. Ac 20:18 (on the absence of the art. [also Phil 1:5 v.l.] s. B-D-F §256; Rob. 793). ἡ πρώτη ἀπολογία 2 Ti 4:16 (MMeinertz, Worauf bezieht sich die πρώτη ἀπολογία 2 Ti 4:16?: Biblica 4, 1923, 390–94). ἡ πρ. διαθήκη Hb 9:15. τὰ πρῶτα ἔργα Rv 2:5. ἡ ἀνάστασις ἡ πρώτη 20:5f. ἡ πρώτη ὅρασις Hv 3, 10, 3; 3, 11, 2; 4. ἡ ἐκκλησία ἡ πρ. 2 Cl 14:1.—Subst. τὰ πρ. … τὰ ἔσχατα (Job 8:7): γίνεται τὰ ἔσχατα χείρονα τῶν πρώτων Mt 12:45; cp. Lk 11:26; 2 Pt 2:20; Hv 1, 4, 2. οἱ πρῶτοι (those who came earlier, as Artem. 2, 9 p. 93, 19 those who appeared earlier) Mt 20:10; cp. vs. 8. ἀπέστειλεν ἄλλους δούλους πλείονας τῶν πρώτων 21:36. Cp. 27:64. πρῶτος ἐξ ἀναστάσεως νεκρῶν the first to rise from the dead Ac 26:23. ὁ πρῶτος the first one J 5:4; 1 Cor 14:30. On the self-designation of the Risen Lord ὁ πρ. καὶ ὁ ἔσχατος Rv 1:17; 2:8; 22:13; s. ἔσχατος 2b (πρ. of God: Is 44:6; 48:12).—As a predicate adj., where an adv. can be used in English (ParJer 1:8 εἰ μὴ ἐγὼ πρῶτος ἀνοίξω τὰς πύλας; B-D-F §243; Rob. 657), as the first one = first ἦλθεν πρῶτος he was the first one to come = he came first J 20:4; cp. vs. 8. πρῶτος Μωϋσῆς λέγει Ro 10:19. Ἀβραὰμ πρῶτος περιτομὴν δούς Abraham was the first to practice circumcision B 9:7. οἱ ἄγγελοι οἱ πρῶτοι κτισθέντες the angels who were created first Hv 3, 4, 1; Hs 5, 5, 3.—1 Ti 2:13; 1J 4:19; AcPlCor 2:9.—ἐν ἐμοὶ πρώτῳ in me as the first 1 Ti 1:16.—Used w. a gen. of comparison (Ocelus Luc. 3 ἐκεῖνο πρῶτον τοῦ παντός ἐστιν=prior to the All; Manetho 1, 329; Athen. 14, 28 p. 630c codd.) πρῶτός μου ἦν he was earlier than I = before me J 1:15, 30 (PGM 13, 543 σοῦ πρῶτός εἰμι.—Also Ep. 12 of Apollonius of Tyana: Philostrat. I p. 348, 30 τὸ τῇ τάξει δεύτερον οὐδέποτε τῇ φύσει πρῶτον). So perh. also ἐμὲ πρῶτον ὑμῶν μεμίσηκεν 15:18 (s. β below) and πάντων πρώτη ἐκτίσθη Hv 2, 4, 1.—As a rule the later element is of the same general nature as the one that precedes it. But it can also be someth. quite different, even its exact opposite: τὴν πρώτην πίστιν ἠθέτησαν 1 Ti 5:12. τὴν ἀγάπην σου τὴν πρώτην ἀφῆκες Rv 2:4.—Used elliptically ἡ πρώτη (i.e. ἡμέρα sim. Polyb. 5, 19, 1; 18, 27, 2 τῇ πρώτῃ) τῶν ἀζύμων Mt 26:17. πρώτῃ σαββάτου on the first day of the week Mk 16:9. In some of the passages mentioned above the idea of sequence could be predom.
    β. the neuter πρῶτον as adv., of time first, in the first place, before, earlier, to begin with (Peripl. Eryth. 4; Chariton 8, 2, 4; ApcEsdr 3:11; Just., D. 2, 4) πρῶτον πάντων first of all Hv 5:5a. ἐπίτρεψόν μοι πρῶτον ἀπελθεῖν καὶ θάψαι let me first go and bury Mt 8:21. συλλέξατε πρῶτον τὰ ζιζάνια gather the weeds first 13:30. Cp. 17:10, 11 v.l.; Mk 7:27; 9:11f; 13:10; Lk 9:59, 61; 12:1 ( first Jesus speaks to his disciples, and only then [vs. 15] to the people. If one prefers to take πρ. w. what follows, as is poss., it has mng. 2a); 14:28, 31; J 7:51; 18:13; Ac 26:20; Ro 15:24 al. in NT; B 15:7; Hv 3, 1, 8; 3, 6, 7; 3, 8, 11; 5:5b. τότε πρῶτον then for the first time Ac 11:26 D. πρῶτον … καὶ τότε first … and then (Sir 11:7; Jos., Ant. 13, 187) Mt 5:24; 7:5; 12:29; Mk 3:27; Lk 6:42; IEph 7:2. τότε is correlative w. πρῶτον without καί J 2:10 v.l. Likew. πρῶτον … εἶτα (εἶτεν) first … then (Just., D. 33, 2 al.; s. εἶτα 1) Mk 4:28; 1 Ti 3:10; B 6:17. πρῶτον … ἔπειτα (ἔπειτα 2) 1 Cor 15:46; 1 Th 4:16. πρῶτον … μετὰ ταῦτα Mk 16:9, s. vs. 12. πρῶτον … εἶτα … μετὰ ταῦτα 1 Cl 23:4; 2 Cl 11:3 (in both cases the same prophetic saying of unknown origin). πρῶτον … ἐν τῷ δευτέρῳ Ac 7:12.—Pleonastically πρῶτον πρὸ τοῦ ἀρίστου Lk 11:38.—W. gen. (Chariton 5, 4, 9 cod. πρῶτον τ. λόγων=before it comes to words) ἐμὲ πρῶτον ὑμῶν μεμίσηκεν it hated me before ( it hated) you J 15:18 (but s. 1aα).—W. the art. τὸ πρῶτον (Hom. et al.; Jos., Ant. 8, 402; 14, 205) the first time J 10:40; 19:39; at first (Diod S 1, 85, 2; Jos., Ant. 2, 340) 12:16; 2 Cl 9:5. τὰ πρῶτα (Hom. et al.; Appian, Syr. 15 §64; Ps.-Phoc. 8) the first time, at first MPol 8:2.
    ⓑ of number or sequence (the area within which this sense is valid cannot be marked off w. certainty from the area 1aα)
    α. as adj. Mt 21:28; 22:25; Mk 12:20; Lk 14:18; 16:5; 19:16; 20:29; J 19:32; Ac 12:10; 13:33 v.l.; Rv 4:7; 8:7; 21:19; Hs 9, 1, 5. τὸ πρῶτον … τὸ δεύτερον (Alex. Aphr., An. p. 28, 9 Br.) Hb 10:9. On πρώτης τῆς μερίδος Μακεδονίας πόλις Ac 16:12 s. μερίς 1 and RAscough, NTS 44, ’98, 93–103.—Since πρῶτος can stand for πρότερος (s. 1 at beg.; also Mlt-Turner 32), it by no means follows from τὸν μὲν πρῶτον λόγον Ac 1:1 that the writer of Luke and of Ac must have planned to write a third book (Zahn, NKZ 28, 1917, 373ff, Comm. 1919, 16ff holds that he planned to write a third volume; against this view s. EGoodspeed, Introd. to the NT ’37, 189; Haenchen, et al.—Athenaeus 15, 701c mentions the first of Clearchus’ two books on proverbs with the words ἐν τῷ προτέρῳ περὶ παροιμιῶν, but 10, 457c with ἐν τῷ πρώτῳ περὶ παροιμιῶν. Diod S 1, 42, 1 the first half of a two-part work is called ἡ πρώτη βίβλος and 3, 1, 1 mentions a division into πρώτη and δευτέρα βίβ. In 13, 103, 3 the designation for the first of two works varies between ἡ πρώτη σύνταξις and ἡ προτέρα ς. See Haenchen on Ac 1:1).—πρῶτος is also used without any thought that the series must continue: τὸν πρῶτον ἰχθύν the very first fish Mt 17:27. αὕτη ἀπογραφὴ πρώτη ἐγένετο Lk 2:2, likewise, does not look forward in the direction of additional censuses, but back to a time when there were none at all (Ael. Aristid. 13 p. 227 D. παράκλησις αὕτη [=challenge to a sea-fight] πρώτη ἐγένετο; for interpolation theory s. JWinandy, RB 104, ’97, 372–77; cp. BPearson, CBQ, ’99, 262--82).—τὰ τείχη τὰ πρῶτα Hs 8, 6, 6 does not contrast the ‘first walls’ w. other walls; rather it distinguishes the only walls in the picture (Hs 8, 7, 3; 8, 8, 3) as one edifice, from the tower as the other edifice.
    β. adv., the neuter πρῶτον of sequence in enumerations (not always clearly distinguished fr. sense 1aβ) first πρῶτον ἀποστόλους, δεύτερον προφήτας, τρίτον … 1 Cor 12:28 (Mitt-Wilck. I/2, 20 II, 10ff [II A.D.] τὸ πρ. … τὸ δεύτερον … τὸ τρίτον. Without the art. 480, 12ff [II A.D.]; Diod S 36, 7, 3; Tat. 40, 1). See Hb 7:2; Js 3:17.—Not infrequently Paul begins w. πρῶτον μέν without continuing the series, at least in form (B-D-F §447, 4; Rob. 1152. For πρ. without continuation s. Plat., Ep. 7, 337b, Plut., Mor. 87b; Jos., Ant. 1, 182; Ath. 27, 1 πρῶτα μέν) Ro 1:8; 3:2; 1 Cor 11:18. S. also 2 Cl 3:1.
    ⓒ of space outer, anterior σκηνὴ ἡ πρώτη the outer tent, i.e. the holy place Hb 9:2; cp. vss. 6, 8.
    ② pert. to prominence, first, foremost, most important, most prominent
    ⓐ adj.
    α. of things (Ocellus [II B.C.] 56 Harder [1926] πρώτη κ. μεγίστη φυλακή; Ael. Aristid. 23, 43 K.=42 p. 783 D.: πόλεις; Ezk 27:22; PsSol 17:43; χρυσίον τὸ πρῶτον τίμιον; JosAs 15:10) ἡ μεγάλη καὶ πρώτη ἐντολή Mt 22:38; cp. Mk 12:29. ἐντολὴ πρώτη πάντων vs. 28 (OLehmann, TU 73, ’59, 557–61 [rabb.]; CBurchard, ZNW 61, ’70, cites JosAs 15:10; 18:5). Without superl. force ἐντολὴ πρώτη ἐν ἐπαγγελίᾳ a commandment of great importance, with a promise attached Eph 6:2 (the usual transl. ‘first commandment w. a promise’ [NRSV, REB et al.] loses sight of the fact that Ex 20:4–6=Dt 5:8–10 has an implied promise of the same kind as the one in Ex 20:12=Dt 5:16. πρ. here is best taken in the same sense as in Mk 12:29 above). στολὴν τὴν πρώτην the special robe Lk 15:22 (JosAs 15:10).—ἐν πρώτοις among the first = most important things, i.e. as of first importance 1 Cor 15:3 (Pla., Pol. 522c ὸ̔ καὶ παντὶ ἐν πρώτοις ἀνάγκη μανθάνειν; Epict., Ench. 20; Mitt-Wilck I/2, 14 II, 9 ἐν πρώτοις ἐρωτῶ σε; Josh 9:2d).
    β. of persons (Dio Chrys. 19 [36], 35 πρ. καὶ μέγιστος θεός; TestAbr B 4 p. 108, 18 [Stone p. 64]; ApcSed 5:2; Jos., Ant. 15, 398; Just., A I, 60, 5 al. τὸν πρῶτον θεόν) ὸ̔ς ἂν θέλῃ ἐν ὑμῖν εἶναι πρῶτος whoever wishes to be the first among you Mt 20:27; Mk 10:44; cp. 9:35. πρῶτος Σίμων Mt 10:2 is not meant to indicate the position of Simon in the list, since no other numbers follow, but to single him out as the most prominent of the twelve. W. gen. ὧν (=τῶν ἁμαρτωλῶν) πρῶτός εἰμι 1 Ti 1:15. Pl. (οἱ) πρῶτοι in contrast to (οἱ) ἔσχατοι Mt 19:30; 20:16; Mk 9:35; 10:31; Lk 13:30; Ox 654, 25f (cp. GTh 4; sim. Sallust. 9 p. 16, 21f τοῖς ἐσχάτοις … τοῖς πρώτοις; s. ἔσχατος 2).—αἱ πρώται prominent women (in the phrase γυναικῶν τε τῶν πρώτων οὐκ ὀλίγαι) Ac 17:4 (s. New Docs 1, 72). οἱ πρῶτοι the most prominent men, the leading men w. gen. of place (Jos., Ant. 7, 230 τῆς χώρας) οἱ πρ. τῆς Γαλιλαίας Mk 6:21; cp. Ac 13:50 (in phrasing sim. to πολλὰς μὲν γυναῖκας εὐγενεῖς καὶ τῶν πρώτων ἀνδρῶν ἤισχυναν=‘they dishonored many well-born women as well as men of high station’ Theopomp.: 115 Fgm. 121 Jac. p. 563, 33f), or of a group (Strabo 13, 2, 3 οἱ πρ. τῶν φίλων; Jos., Ant. 20, 180) οἱ πρ. τοῦ λαοῦ (Jos., Ant. 11, 141) Lk 19:47; cp. Ac 25:2; 28:17. On ὁ πρῶτος τῆς νήσου vs. 7 (πρῶτος Μελιταίων IGR I, 512=IG XIV, 601; cp. CB I/2, 642 no. 535 ὁ πρῶτος ἐν τῇ πόλει; p. 660 no. 616; SEG XLI, 1345, 14f; cp. CIL X, 7495, 1; s. Hemer, Acts 153, n. 152; Warnecke, Romfahrt 119ff) s. Πόπλιος.
    ⓑ adv. πρῶτον of degree in the first place, above all, especially (Jos., Ant. 10, 213) ζητεῖτε πρῶτον τὴν βασιλείαν Mt 6:33. Ἰουδαίῳ τε πρῶτον καὶ Ἕλληνι Ro 1:16; cp. 2:9f.—Ac 3:26; 2 Pt 1:20; 3:3. Of the Macedonian Christians ἑαυτοὺς ἔδωκαν πρῶτον τῷ κυρίῳ καὶ ἡμῖν they gave themselves first of all to the Lord, and (then) to us 2 Cor 8:5. παρακαλῶ πρῶτον πάντων first of all I urge 1 Ti 2:1.—B. 939. DELG. M-M. EDNT. TW. Sv.

    Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά παλαιοχριστιανική Λογοτεχνία > πρῶτος

  • 9 ζάω

    ζάω contr. ζῶ (Hom.+) impf. ἔζων (Ro 7:9 B ἔζην; on this form s. Schwyzer I 675; B-D-F §88; Mlt-H. 194, both w. ref.); fut. ζήσω (uniformly attested Ro 6:2; Hb 12:9); the later (since Hippocr. VII p. 536 L.; LXX; AscIs 3:9; Jos., Ant. 1, 193 al.) form ζήσομαι (B-D-F §77; Rob. 356) is more common (on the fut. forms s. JLee, NovT 22, ’80, 289–98; GKilpatrick, ibid. 25, ’83, 146–51); 1 aor. ἔζησα. On the LXX usage s. Thackeray 269; for forms in pap, Gignac II 370.
    ① to be alive physically, live
    ⓐ of physical life in contrast to death
    α. gener. Ac 22:22; Ro 7:1, 2, 3; 14:8ac; 1 Cor 7:39; 2 Cor 5:15a; 6:9; Hb 9:17. ψυχὴ ζῶσα a living soul (Gen 1:20 al.; Just., D. 6, 1 ζῇ ψυχῇ) 1 Cor 15:45 (Gen 2:7); Rv 16:3 v.l. ὅσα ἔτη ζῇ as many years as he lives B 10:6 (cp. SIG 663, 6; Sb 173, 6 Αὐρήλιος ζήσας ἔτη νε´; En 10:10). τὸ ζῆν life (Attic wr., ins, pap, LXX) ὥστε ἐξαπορηθῆναι ἡμᾶς καὶ τοῦ ζῆν so that we even despaired of life 2 Cor 1:8. διὰ παντὸς τοῦ ζῆν during the whole lifetime Hb 2:15 (cp. Diod S 1, 74, 3 διατελεῖν πάντα τὸν τοῦ ζῆν χρόνον; 4, 46, 4). ἔτι ζῶν while he was still living= before his death Mt 27:63 (CB I/2 660 no. 618 Ζώσιμος ἔτι ζῶν κατεσκεύασεν; 3 Km 12:6). ζῶντες ἐβλήθησαν … εἰς τὴν λίμνην τοῦ πυρός they were thrown alive into the lake of fire Rv 19:20. ζῶσα τέθνηκεν though alive she is dead 1 Ti 5:6 (cp. Sextus 7). ἡμεῖς οἱ ζῶντες we during our (earthly) life 2 Cor 4:11; the same phrase= we who are still living 1 Th 4:15, 17. Here the opp. is νεκροί, as in Mt 22:32; Mk 12:27; Lk 20:38a. ζῶντες καὶ νεκροί the living and the dead Ac 10:42; Ro 14:9b; 2 Ti 4:1; 1 Pt 4:5; 2 Cl 1:1; B 7:2.—Occasionally the contrast betw. νεκρός and ζῆν is used fig. with ref. to the realm of religion and ethics Lk 15:24 v.l., 32.
    β. of dead persons who return to life become alive again: of humans in general (3 Km 17:23) Mt 9:18; Ac 9:41; 20:12; Rv 20:4, 5; AcPl Ha 11, 7. Of Jesus Mk 16:11; Lk 24:5, 23; Ac 1:3; 25:19; Ro 14:9a; 2 Cor 13:4a; Rv 1:18b; 2:8 (Just., D. 69, 6 νεκροὺς … ζῆν ποιήσας).
    γ. of sick persons, if their illness terminates not in death but in recovery be well, recover (Artem. 4, 4 ἔζησεν ὁ παῖς=became well; 5, 71; 72; PGM 1, 188; 4 Km 1:2; 8:8 εἰ ζήσομαι ἐκ τῆς ἀρρωστίας μου ταύτης; Jos., Vi. 421) Mk 5:23; J 4:50, 51, 53.—Of removal of anxiety 1 Th 3:8.
    δ. also of healthy persons live on, remain alive (X., An. 3, 2, 39 ὅστις δὲ ζῆν ἐπιθυμεῖ πειράσθω νικᾶν; Ep. 56 of Apollonius of Tyana [Philostrat. I 359, 14]; ApcMos 31 διὰ τί σὺ ἀποθνῄσκεις καγὼ ζῶ;) Ac 25:24; 28:4. ἐὰν ὁ κύριος θελήσῃ ζήσομεν Js 4:15. ὸ̓ς ἔχει τὴν πληγὴν τῆς μαχαίρης καὶ ἔζησεν Rv 13:14.
    ε. of beings that in reality, or as they are portrayed, are not subject to death: of Melchizedek Hb 7:8 (opp. ἀποθνῄσκοντες ἄνθρωποι). Jesus as everlasting high priest πάντοτε ζῶν 7:25.—In this sense it is most comprehensively applied to God (s. CBurchard, Untersuch. zu JosAs p. 103) (ὁ) θεὸς (ὁ) ζῶν (cp. 4 Km 19:4, 16; Is 37:4, 17; Hos 2:1; Da 6:21 Theod.; 3 Macc 6:28; TestAbr A 17 p. 99, 10 [Stone p. 46]; TestJob 37:2; JosAs 49:3 al.; SibOr 3, 763; POxy 924, 11 [IV A.D., Gnostic]; PGM 4, 1038 ὁ μέγας ζῶν θεός; 7, 823; 12, 79; Philo, Decal. 67 ὁ ζῶν ἀεὶ θεός; Orig., C. Cels. 8, 59, 18.—The phrase ‘the living God’ is not found in Joseph.) Mt 16:16; 26:63; J 6:69 v.l.; Ac 14:15; Ro 9:26 (Hos 2:1); 2 Cor 3:3; 6:16; 1 Th 1:9; 1 Ti 3:15; 4:10; 6:17 v.l.; Hb 3:12; 9:14; 10:31; 12:22; Rv 1:18a; 4:10; 7:2; 10:6; 2 Cl 20:2; GJs 20:1; AcPl Ha 2, 32; also ὁ ζῶν πατήρ J 6:57. W. the addition εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας τῶν αἰώνων Rv 15:7; cp. 4:9 (cp. Tob 13:2; Sir 18:1). God takes a sovereign oath in the words ζῶ ἐγώ as surely as I live (Num 14:28 al.) Ro 14:11 (Is 49:18; classical parallels GStählin, NovT 5, ’62, 142 n. 2). ζῇ κύριος ὁ θεός [μου] as surely as the Lord my God lives GJs 4:1; 6:1; 13:3; 15:3; 19:3 (Judg 8:19; 1 Km 25:34 al; GrBar 1:7; cp. ApcEsdr 2:7); in expanded form καὶ ζῇ ὁ Χριστὸς αὐτοῦ 15:4 (s. deStrycker ad loc.).—Christ lives διὰ τὸν πατέρα because of the Father J 6:57b (s. Bultmann, comm. ad loc.).
    ⓑ w. mention of that upon which life depends ἐπί τινι on the basis of someth. (Andoc. 1, 100; Isocr. 10, 18; Ael. Aristid. 28, 103 K.=49 p. 525 D.) ζ. ἐπʼ ἄρτῳ live on bread Mt 4:4; Lk 4:4 (both Dt 8:3). ζ. ἔκ τινος obtain one’s living fr. someth. (Aristoph., Eccl. 591; Demosth. 57, 36; POxy 1117, 19; 1557, 12; TestJob 47:1f) 1 Cor 9:14.
    ⓒ w. more precise mention of the sphere (Artem. 3, 62 ἐν ἀγορᾷ ζ.=spend his life in the marketplace) ζ. ἐν σαρκί live in the flesh in contrast to the heavenly life Phil 1:22; Gal 2:20c; ζ. ἐν κόσμῳ live in the world Col 2:20. ζ. ἐν θεῷ, live in God (as the Being who penetrates and embraces everything) Ac 17:28 (s. κινέω 3). For AcPl Ha 1, 15 s. 2a end.
    ② to live in a transcendent sense, live, of the sanctified life of a child of God (ζῆν in the sense of a higher type of life than the animal: X., Mem. 3, 3, 11; Cass. Dio 69, 19: after years of public service, Similis retires and prepares this epitaph: Σίμιλις ἐνταύθα κεῖται βιοὺς μὲν ἔτη τόσα, ζήσας δὲ ἔτη ἑπτά=Here lies Similis, existing for so many years, but alive for only seven.).
    ⓐ in the world ἐγὼ ἔζων χωρὶς νόμου ποτέ I was once (truly) alive without law (this has been interpr. to mean when no law existed; Paul is then regarded as speaking fr. the viewpoint of humanity in paradise before the command Gen 2:16 f; 3:3. Another interpr. thinks of Paul as referring to the period in his life when he was not conscious of the existence and significance of the law. In view of Paul’s climactic affirmation in Ro 7:25, Paul probably illustrates in the first person the perils of a Christian who succumbs to the illusion that moral action is connected with law rather than with the ‘spirit of life in Christ’ Ro 8:2) Ro 7:9. Even now those who listen to the voice of the Son of God enjoy this life J 5:25; cp. 11:26; likew. those who receive him into their being ὁ τρώγων τὸν ἄρτον 6:57c; cp. Ro 6:11, 13 (ἐκ νεκρῶν ζῶντας); Gal 2:19; Rv 3:1. This heavenly life on earth is a ζ. πνεύματι Gal 5:25 or a life not of mere human achievement, but of Christ who lives in Christians 2:20ab. Also of the superhuman power of the apostle ζήσομεν σὺν αὐτῷ ἐκ δυνάμεως θεοῦ εἰς ὑμᾶς we shall live with him (Christ) through God’s power in our dealings with you 2 Cor 13:4. ὁ κύριος βούλεται ζῆν ἡμᾶς ἐν θεῷ=the Lord wills that we live under God’s direction AcPl Ha 1, 15 (opp. ἀποθανεῖν ἐν ἁμαρτίαις; s. 1c end)
    ⓑ in the glory of the life to come (Sir 48:11; cp. Dt 4:1; 8:1; 30:16).
    α. abs. Lk 10:28; J 11:25; 14:19; Ro 8:13b; Hb 12:9. ἐμοὶ τ. ζῆν Χριστός= life is possible for me only where Christ is (hence death is gain) Phil 1:21 (s. OSchmitz, GHeinrici Festschr. 1914, 155–69). Another common interpr. is for me to live is Christ, i.e. while I am alive I experience real life in connection with Christ; w. death comes life in all fullness in the presence of Jesus.
    β. More specifically εἰς τὸν αἰῶνα have eternal life (Ps.-Lucian, Philopatr. 17 ζῆν εἰς τὸν αἰῶνα; PsSol 14:2) J 6:51, 58 (in J the blessed life which the follower of Jesus enjoys here and now in the body is simply continued in the heavenly life of the future. In other respects also the dividing line betw. the present and the future life is somet. nonexistent or at least not discernible); B 6:3; 8:5; 9:2; 11:10f; ἅμα σὺν αὐτῷ (i.e. Χριστῷ) ζ. live together with Christ 1 Th 5:10; ζ. διʼ αὐτοῦ (i.e. Chr.) 1J 4:9; ζ. κατὰ θεὸν πνεύματι live, as God (lives), in the Spirit 1 Pt 4:6. ὁ δίκαιος ἐκ πίστεως ζήσεται (cp. Hab 2:4) he that is just through faith will have life Ro 1:17 (AFeuillet, NTS 6, ’59, 52–80; but s. Fitzmyer, Ro [AB] ad loc.); Gal 3:11; Hb 10:38. This life is τὸ ἀληθινὸν ζῆν ITr 9:2; IEph 11:1. Christ is called τὸ ἀδιάκριτον ἡμῶν ζῆν our unshakable or inseparable life 3:2. τὸ διὰ παντὸς ἡμῶν ζῆν our total life 1 Mg 1:2—The law-directed pers. believes concerning legal performance: ὁ ποιήσας αὐτὰ ζήσεται ἐν αὐτοῖς (Lev 18:5) Gal 3:12; cp. Ro 10:5 (cp. Dio Chrys. 58 [75], 1 οἱ τοῦτον [= τ. νόμον] φυλάττοντες ἔχονται τῆς σωτηρίας=those who observe law have a firm grip on security).
    ③ to conduct oneself in a pattern of behavior, live (Hom. et al.)
    ⓐ used w. adverbs or other modifiers: adv. (Sallust. 19 p. 34, 25 κακῶς ζῆν [Just., A I, 4, 7]; SIG 889, 13ff; Wsd 14:28; Philo; Jos., Ant. 12, 198; Ath. 3, 1 δίκην θηρίων) ἀσώτως Lk 15:13. ἐθνικῶς and ἰουδαϊκῶς Gal 2:14. εὐσεβῶς 2 Ti 3:12. πανούργως Hm 3, 3. σωφρόνως κ. δικαίως κ. εὐσεβῶς Tit 2:12 (Plut., Mor. 1108c ζῆν σωφρόνως κ. δικαίως; cp. Diog. L. 10, 132; 140; Ar. 15, 10).—Φαρισαῖος live as a Pharisee Ac 26:5. ἐν πίστει Gal 2:20d. ἐν ἁμαρτίᾳ Ro 6:2; ζ. ἐν τούτοις live in these (sins) Col 3:7. κατὰ ἀλήθειαν in keeping w. the truth IEph 6:2 (cp. Philo, Post. Cai. 73 κατὰ βούλημα τὸ τοῦ θεοῦ ζ.; Jos., Ant. 4, 302 κατὰ τ. νόμους ζ.; Just., D. 47, 4 κατὰ τὸν νόμον; Orig., C. Cels. 7, 12, 7 κατὰ τὰς θείας γραφάς). κατὰ θεόν 8:1 (cp. SIG 910 A and B). κατὰ Ἰησοῦν Χριστόν IPhld 3:2. κατὰ Χριστιανισμόν live in accordance w. (our) commitment to Christ IMg 10:1. κατὰ σάρκα Ro 8:12f; Dg 5:8; κατὰ κυριακὴν ζ. (opp. σαββατίζειν) include the observance of the Lord’s day in one’s life IMg 9:1. Of a married woman ζ. μετὰ ἀνδρός live w. her husband Lk 2:36 (for the added acc. of extent of time cp. Ael. Aristid. 46 p. 332 D.; Pr 28:16; ἥτις ἔζησεν καλῶς μετʼ ἐμοῦ ἔτη 28, μῆνας 4, ἡμέρας 5: SEG II, 384, 6–8 [restored]; s. also FDanker, Jesus and the New Age ’88, 71).
    ⓑ τινί live for someone or someth., for the other’s benefit (Hom. et al.; Demosth. 7, 17 οἳ οὐκ αἰσχύνονται Φιλίππῳ ζῶντες καὶ οὐ τῇ ἑαυτῶν πατρίδι; Dionys. Hal. 3, 17 … παῖδες, τῷ πατρὶ ζῶντες) ζ. τῷ θεῷ (4 Macc 7:19; 16:25; Philo, Mut. Nom. 13, Rer. Div. Her. 111; s. SAalen, NTS 13, ’67, 10) Lk 20:38b (cp. Soph., Ajax 970); Ro 6:10, 11; Gal 2:19; Hm 3:5; AcPl Ha 10, 7; τῷ κυρίῳ Ro 14:8b (cp. Plut., Cleom. 819 [31, 5]). For Christ 2 Cor 5:15; τῷ ἐμῷ βασιλεῖ AcPl Ha 9, 26 (restored after Aa I 112, 14) τῇ δικαιοσύνῃ ζ. 1 Pt 2:24; ἑαυτῷ ζ. live for oneself (Menand., Fgm. 646 Kö. οὐχ ἑαυτῷ ζῆν μόνον; Diod S 10, 33, 2 ζ. ἑαυτοῖς=live for themselves) Ro 14:7.
    ④ to be full of vitality, be lively the ptc. is used fig. w. respect to things (cp. τῶν δένδρων τῶν ζῶντων ParJer 9:3), of spring water in contrast w. cistern water ὕδωρ ζῶν (Gen 26:19; Lev 14:5; Jer 2:13 v.l.; Zech 14:8.—Stagnant water is called ὕ. νεκρόν: Synes., Ep. 114, 254d) J 4:10f (Hdb. exc. on J 4:14); 7:38; D 7:1f (Wengst p. 77 n. 57). ζώσας πηγάς Rv 7:17 v.l.
    ⑤ to be life-productive, offer life ptc. used w. respect to things (SIG 1173 [138 A.D.], 5 ζῶσαι ἀρεταὶ ἐγένοντο=miracles full of divine life occurred) λόγια ζῶντα words that meant life Ac 7:38. λόγος ζῶν θεοῦ 1 Pt 1:23; cp. Hb 4:12. ὁδὸς ζῶσα a living way 10:20. ἐλπὶς ζῶσα a living hope 1 Pt 1:3.—ζ. is also used of things which serve as descriptions of pers. who communicate divine life: of Christ ὁ ἄρτος ὁ ζῶν J 6:51a. λίθος ζῶν 1 Pt 2:4. Of Christians: θυσία ζῶσα a living sacrifice Ro 12:1. λίθοι ζῶντες 1 Pt 2:5.—τὰ παρὰ ζώσης φωνῆς καὶ μενούσης the (words) of a living and abiding voice Papias (2:4) (opp. ἐκ τῶν βιβλίων).—Lit. s. ζωή end. DELG s.v. ζώω.M-M. TW.

    Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά παλαιοχριστιανική Λογοτεχνία > ζάω

  • 10 Keller, Friedrich Gottlieb

    SUBJECT AREA: Paper and printing
    [br]
    b. 27 June 1818 Hainichen, Saxony, Germany
    d. 8 September 1895 Krippen, Bad Schandau, Germany
    [br]
    German inventor of wood-pulp paper.
    [br]
    The son of a master weaver, he originally wished to become an engineer, but while remaining in the parental home he had to follow his father's trade in the textile industry, becoming a master weaver himself in 1839 at Hainichen. He was a good observer and a keen model maker. It was at this stage, in the early 1840s, that he began experimenting with a new material for papermaking. Until then the raw material had been waste rag from the textile industry, but the ever-increasing demands of the mechanical printing presses, especially those producing newspapers, were beginning to outstrip supply. Keller tried using pine wood ground with a wet grindstone. The mass of fibres that resulted was then heated with water to form a thick brew which he then strained through a cloth. By this means Keller obtained a pulp that could be used for papermaking. He constructed a simple grinding machine that could disintegrate the wood without splinters; this was used to make paper in the Altchemnitzer paper mill, and the newspaper Frankenberger Intelligenz-und Wochenblatt was the first to be printed on wood-pulp paper. Keller could not secure state funds to promote his invention, so he approached an expert in papermaking, Heinrich Voelter, Technical Director of the Vereinigten Bautzener Papierfabrik. Voelter put up 700 thaler, and in August 1845 the state of Saxony granted a patent in both their names. In 1848 the first practical machine for grinding wood was produced, but four years later the patent expired. Unfortunately Keller could not afford the renewal fee, and it was Voelter who developed the process of wood-pulp papermaking under his own name, leaving Keller behind. Without this invention, the output of paper from the mills could not have kept pace with the demands of the printing industry, and the mass readership that these technological developments made possible could not have been served. It is no fault of Keller's that wood-pulp paper contains within itself the seeds of its own deterioration and ultimate destruction, presenting librarians of today with an intractable problem of preservation. Keller's part in this technical breakthrough is established in his "ideas" notebook covering the years 1841 and 1842, preserved in the museum at Hainichen.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    Neue deutsche Biographie. VDI Zeitschrift, Vol. 39, p. 1,238.
    "EineErfindungvon Weltruf", 1969, VDI Nachrichten. Vol. 29, p. 18.
    Clapperton, History ofPapermaking Through the Ages (provides details of the development of wood-pulp papermaking in its historical context).
    LRD

    Biographical history of technology > Keller, Friedrich Gottlieb

  • 11 полученный

    (== получен) obtained, received, derived, realized
    • Альтернативное доказательство может быть получено... - An alternate proof may be obtained by...
    • Аналогичная оценка может быть получена для... - A similar estimate can be made for...
    • Более точные приближения к х могут быть получены при использовании... - Better approximations to x can by obtained by using...
    • Было получено (= достигнуто) замечательное соответствие. - Excellent agreement was obtained.
    • Дополнительное соотношение может получено, если мы заметим, что... - An additional relation can be obtained by noting that...
    • Другое соотношение между этими величинами может быть получено (с помощью)... - Another relation between these quantities can be obtained by...
    • Механизм, с помощью которого это было получено, заключается в... - The mechanism by which this is accomplished is...
    • Однако весьма удовлетворительное приближение может быть получено (методом и т. п.)... - A very satisfactory approximation can, however, be obtained by...
    • Однако они не могут быть получены просто (простым вычислением)... - They cannot, however, be obtained merely by...
    • Очевидно, данный результат мог бы быть получен, не используя... - Obviously this result could have been obtained without the use of...
    • Парадоксы, подобные только что полученному, разрешаются (на основе и т. п.)... - Paradoxes such as the one just raised are resolved by...
    • Подтверждение этому наблюдению было получено из... - Confirmation of this observation was obtained from...
    • Рукопись была получена в июле 2002 года. - The manuscript was received in July 2002.
    • Таким образом, получен следующий основной
    (= центральный) результат:... - The following key results are therefore obtained:...
    • Техника, с помощью которой это было получено, известна как... - The technique by which this is achieved is known as...
    • Условия не могут быть получены обычными методами.... - Conditions cannot be obtained by the usual methods. In Problem 2, this means that a solution of type (2) cannot be obtained by the above technique.
    • Это не может быть получено непосредственно из (1), потому что... - This cannot be obtained directly from (1), because...

    Русско-английский словарь научного общения > полученный

  • 12 достигать

    (= достигнуть, достичь) reach, achieve, attain, get, obtain, take out, come up to
    • Более хорошей изоляции можно достичь (= добиться) путем... - Better isolation can be obtained by...
    • Было достигнуто отличное соответствие (с предыдущими результатами и т. п.). - Excellent agreement was obtained.
    • Возможно, лишь небольшое преимущество будет достигнуто (путем)... - There is perhaps little advantage to be gained by...
    • Иногда это может быть достигнуто (путем)... - This may sometimes be accomplished by...
    • К счастью, это может быть достигнуто прямым обобщением... - Fortunately, this can be accomplished by a straightforward generalization of...
    • Лишь немногого можно достичь без... - Little can be achieved without...
    • Лучше всего это может быть достигнуто проектировщиком, который... - This can best be achieved by the designer who...
    • Механизм, с помощью которого это было достигнуто, состоит из... - The mechanism by which this is accomplished is...
    • Однако на практике несколько затруднительно достичь этого, потому что... - However, in practice this is somewhat difficult to achieve because...
    • Удобным способом достичь необходимой цели является... - A convenient way to accomplish this is to...
    • Чтобы достичь цели, необходимо... - То meet this objective, it is necessary to...
    • Этих идеалов невозможно достичь на практике, поэтому... - These ideals are impossible to achieve in practice, so...
    • Этого можно достичь, используя... - This can be achieved by the use of...

    Русско-английский словарь научного общения > достигать

  • 13 видеть

    (= увидеть, обнаружить) see
    • А также мы можем видеть более ясно геометрический смысл... - Also we can see more clearly the geometrical significance of...
    • Аналогично, мы видим, что... - Similarly, we see that...
    • Безо всякого анализа легко видеть, что... - It is easily seen without analysis that...
    • Более того, мы видим, что... - Furthermore, we see that...
    • В заключение, мы видим, что... - In summary, we see that...
    • В последнем параграфе мы видели (= обнаружили), что... - In the last section we discovered that...
    • Возвращаясь к нашей первоначальной задаче, мы видим, что... - Returning to our original problem, we see that...
    • Довольно легко видеть, что... - It is reasonably easy to see that...
    • Если мы используем результат (7), то видим, что... - If we make use of the result (7) we see that...
    • Здесь мы видим простой случай (= пример)... - Неге we see a simple case of...
    • Из способа вывода данного уравнения будет видно, что... - From the way in which this equation has been obtained, it will be seen that...
    • Из этих определений видно, что... - It is clear from these definitions that...
    • Используя результат (10), мы видим, что... - Making use of the result (10) we see that...
    • Как мы уже видели, обратное утверждение неверно. - The converse, as we have seen, is false.
    • Как мы уже видели, те же самые результаты можно предсказать для... - As we have seen, the same results are predicted for...
    • Качественно можно видеть, что... - Qualitatively, it can be seen that...
    • Легко видеть, что это условие является необходимым. - It is easy to see that this condition is necessary.
    • Мы сразу видим (= признаем), что это (есть)... - This is recognized immediately as...
    • Мы уже видели (= убедились), что в общем случае мы не можем ожидать... - We have already seen that we cannot, in general, expect...
    • Мы уже видели, что можно... - We have seen that it is possible to...
    • Мы уже видели, что это условие выполняется, если... - We have seen that this condition is satisfied if...
    • Например, мы уже видели, что... - We have already seen, for example, that...
    • Обобщая данное рассуждение, видим, что... - By an extension of this argument it is seen that...
    • Обращаясь к рис. 1, мы можем видеть, что... - With reference to Figure 1, it can be seen that...
    • Объединяя эти результаты, можно видеть, что... - On combining these results we see that...
    • Оглядываясь назад, мы можем видеть, что... - In retrospect, it can be seen that...
    • Однако если мы рассмотрим более подробно, что происходит, мы можем видеть, что... - If we consider what happens more carefully, however, we can see that...
    • При этих ограничениях легко видеть, что... - With these stipulations, it is easily seen that...
    • Приравнивая эти два члена, можно видеть, что... - By equating the two terms it can be seen that...
    • С помощью (1) мы далее видим, что... - We thus see, with the aid of (1), that...
    • С помощью уравнения (1) мы видим, что... - With the aid of eq. (1) we see that...
    • Следовательно, по индукции, мы видим, что... - Hence we see by induction that...
    • Сравнивая эти величины, мы видим, что... - Comparing these values, we see that...
    • То, что это не всегда справедливо, было видно (в, из)... - That this is not always the case was seen in...
    • Читатель может с удивлением увидеть, что... - The reader may be puzzled to see that...

    Русско-английский словарь научного общения > видеть

  • 14 titular

    adj.
    1 tenured.
    el equipo titular the first team
    2 titular.
    La persona titular no estaba The titular person wasn't in.
    f. & m.
    holder.
    titular de una tarjeta de crédito/cuenta corriente credit card/current account holder
    m.
    1 headline (Prensa).
    con grandes titulares splashed across the front page
    Los titulares no eran halagadores The headlines were not flattering.
    2 titleholder, title-holder.
    El titular fracasó The titleholder failed to succeed.
    3 holder, holder of an office, holder of a position, position holder.
    4 legal owner, owner.
    v.
    1 to call, to title (libro, cuadro).
    2 to name, to entitle, to style.
    Ellos titulan a los candidatos They name the candidates.
    3 to confer title to, to award a title, to title.
    La organización titula a los miembros The organization titles the members.
    Ellos titularon al profesor They titled the professor.
    4 to put a title to.
    5 to titrate, to determine the value of.
    El laboratorio titula las soluciones The lab titrates the solutions.
    * * *
    1 to entitle, title, call
    1 regular
    1 (poseedor) holder
    2 (de un puesto) office holder; (de cátedra) professor
    1 (prensa) headline
    1 (llamarse) to be called, be titled
    2 EDUCACIÓN to graduate (en, in)
    \
    el titular de la cartera de... PLÍTICA the minister of...
    * * *
    1. noun m. 2. noun mf.
    holder, owner
    3. verb
    * * *
    1.
    ADJ

    juez titular — judge assigned to a particular court

    médico titular — doctor assigned to a particular post in the public health care system

    profesor titular — teacher assigned to a particular post in the state education system

    2. SMF
    1) [de puesto] holder, incumbent; (Rel) incumbent
    2) [de cuenta, pasaporte] holder; [de coche, vivienda] owner
    3) (Dep) regular first-team player; LAm captain
    3.
    SM (Prensa) headline

    los titulares — (Radio, TV) the (news) headlines

    4.
    VT [+ libro, película] to title, entitle

    tituló la obra "Fiesta" — he (en)titled the play "Fiesta"

    ¿cómo vas a titular el trabajo? — what title are you going to give the essay?

    5.
    See:
    * * *
    I
    adjetivo <médico/profesor> permanent
    II
    masculino y femenino
    1)
    a) (de pasaporte, cuenta) holder; (de bien, vivienda) owner, titleholder (frml)
    b) (de cargo, plaza) holder, incumbent (frml)
    2) titular masculino
    a) ( en periódico) headline
    b) (Rad, TV) main story

    los titulares — the main stories, the news headlines

    III 1.
    verbo transitivo < obra>

    su novela titulada `Julia' — his novel called o (frml) entitled `Julia'

    ¿cómo vas a titular la canción? — what's the title of the song going to be?

    2.
    titularse v pron
    1) obra/película to be called, be entitled (frml)
    2) (Educ) to graduate, get one's degree

    titularse EN/DE algo — to graduate in/as something

    * * *
    I
    adjetivo <médico/profesor> permanent
    II
    masculino y femenino
    1)
    a) (de pasaporte, cuenta) holder; (de bien, vivienda) owner, titleholder (frml)
    b) (de cargo, plaza) holder, incumbent (frml)
    2) titular masculino
    a) ( en periódico) headline
    b) (Rad, TV) main story

    los titulares — the main stories, the news headlines

    III 1.
    verbo transitivo < obra>

    su novela titulada `Julia' — his novel called o (frml) entitled `Julia'

    ¿cómo vas a titular la canción? — what's the title of the song going to be?

    2.
    titularse v pron
    1) obra/película to be called, be entitled (frml)
    2) (Educ) to graduate, get one's degree

    titularse EN/DE algo — to graduate in/as something

    * * *
    titular1
    1 = holder, the, owner, occupant, starting player.

    Ex: The statement of copyright is an indication of the holder of the copyright of that work and of the year in which this right was obtained.

    Ex: The owner of the memex, let us say, is interested in the origin and properties of the bow and arrow.
    Ex: The administrative assistant position is a new one, and its first occupant, Booth Slye, has been on the job one week.
    Ex: They continues to win without starting players.
    * equipo titular = starting team.
    * profesor titular = associate professor.
    * profesor titular interino = lecturer.
    * titular de cuenta bancaria = bank account holder.
    * titular de la cuenta = account holder.
    * titular de la tarjeta = cardholder.
    * titular del cargo = incumbent.
    * titular del copyright = copyright holder, copyright owner.
    * titular del derecho = payee entitled.
    * titular del derecho de autor = rights-holder [rightsholder], copyright holder.
    * titular de los derechos de autor = rights-owner.
    * titular de noticias = news headline.
    * titular de una licencia = licensee.
    * titular de una patente = patentee.

    titular2
    2 = headline, news headline, newspaper headline, headline banner.

    Ex: For example, a headline announcing 'Mrs Thatcher at Oxford hears of second Falkland crisis' does not merit retrieval under Oxford, but does require to be retrieved under Falkland.

    Ex: After a year's rapid development of portals by major search engines, adding such things as scorecards, news headlines or links to other services, search engine developers are now turning to personalization as a way of holding their users.
    Ex: Inferencing skills can be learned as students clarify contextual meanings of ambiguous statements, mispronunciations, and boners that may be found in newspaper headlines, texts, and conversations.
    Ex: Yesterday's report on March retail sales was greeted with banner headlines proclaiming the comeback of the consumer.
    * gran titular = headline banner.
    * titular a toda plana = headline banner.
    * titular de periódico = headline, newspaper headline.

    titular3
    3 = style, title, entitle, headline.

    Ex: Mathilda Panopoulos, known as 'Tilly' to her friends and colleagues but usually styled 'Tilly the Hun' or just 'the Hun' by her detractors, is a native of Pritchard.

    Ex: In the eighth edition of a work which has been variously titled throughout its long life some valuable comments were made about the functions of bibliography.
    Ex: The article is entitled '2,400-bps modems: the pros and cons of searching in the fast lane' = El artículo se titula "Los modems de 2.400 bps: los pros y los contra de la búsqueda a toda pastilla".
    Ex: Leading technology visionaries will headline this annual knowledge community event.
    * titularse en = gain + a degree in.

    * * *
    ‹médico/profesor› permanent
    Inter jugó con todos sus jugadores titulares Inter fielded all its regular first-team players
    A
    1 (de un pasaporte, una cuenta) holder; (de un bien, una vivienda) owner, titleholder ( frml)
    2 (de un cargo, una plaza) holder, incumbent ( frml)
    al morir el titular de la cátedra when the professor died
    el titular de la comisaría de la localidad the chief of the local police
    el equipo tiene a varios titulares lesionados the team has several first-team players out through injury
    B
    2 ( Rad, TV) main story
    los titulares the main stories, the news headlines
    titular3 [A1 ]
    vt
    ‹novela/película/cuadro›
    su novela titulada `Julia' his novel entitled `Julia'
    ¿cómo vas a titular la canción? what's the title of the song going to be?, what are you going to call the song?
    A «obra/película» to be called, be entitled ( frml)
    ¿cómo se titula la obra ganadora? what is the winning play called?, what is the name of the winning play?
    B ( Educ):
    me titulé hace dos años I graduated o got my degree two years ago
    titularse EN/ DE algo to graduate IN/ AS sth
    se tituló en Filosofía he graduated in Philosophy, he obtained o ( AmE) earned a Philosophy degree
    se tituló de médico/abogado he qualified as a doctor/lawyer
    * * *

    titular 1 adjetivo ‹médico/profesor› permanent
    ■ sustantivo masculino y femenino (de pasaporte, cuenta, cargo) holder
    ■ sustantivo masculino

    b) (Rad, TV) main story;


    titular 2 ( conjugate titular) verbo transitivo ‹ obra›:
    ◊ su novela titulada `Julia' his novel called o (frml) entitled `Julia'

    titularse verbo pronominal
    1 [obra/película] to be called, be entitled (frml)
    2 (Educ) to graduate, get one's degree;
    titularse EN/DE algo to graduate in/as sth
    ' titular' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    once
    - titular1
    English:
    bearer
    - by-election
    - cardholder
    - entitle
    - head
    - headline
    - hold
    - holder
    - incumbent
    - titular
    * * *
    ♦ adj
    [profesor] tenured;
    miembro titular full member;
    el equipo titular the first team;
    el juez titular = the judge assigned to a particular court
    ♦ nmf
    1. [poseedor] holder;
    titular de una tarjeta de crédito/cuenta corriente credit card/Br current o US checking account holder
    2. [profesor] tenured Br lecturer o US professor;
    el titular de la cátedra the holder of the chair
    3. [jugador] first-team player
    ♦ nm
    Prensa headline;
    con grandes titulares splashed across the front page
    ♦ vt
    [libro, cuadro] to call, to title
    * * *
    1
    I adj
    :
    profesor titular tenured professor
    II m/f DEP first-team player
    III m de periódico headline
    2 v/t title, entitle
    * * *
    : to title, to entitle
    * * *
    1. (en un periódico) headline
    2. (en deporte) first team player

    Spanish-English dictionary > titular

  • 15 ὅπως

    ὅπως (Hom.+)
    ① as adv. marker of the manner in which an event develops, how, that (B-D-F §300, 1; Rob. 985) w. the aor. ind. (Jos., Bell. 1, 6; 17) ὅπως τε παρέδωκαν αὐτὸν οἱ ἀρχιερεῖς Lk 24:20; w. the pres. ind. (Pherecrates Com. [V B.C.], Fgm. 45 K.; Tat. 22, 2 ὅπως δεῖ μοιχεύειν) ὅπως κολάζονται 2 Cl 17:7. But here the mng. of ὅπως prob. shows a development analogous to that of πῶς in colloq. usage, which comes to resemble ὡς (so Lk 24:20 D)= ὅτι= that (X., Hier. 9, 1; Diod S 11, 46, 3; Lucian, Dial. Deor. 6, 2; BGU 846, 16 [II A.D.] γνοῦναι, ὅπως ὀφείλω=‘to know that I owe’; Dssm., LO 155, 26 [LAE 179, 28]; B-D-F §396; s. Rob. 1045).
    ② as a conj. marker expressing purpose for an event or state, (in order) that w. the subj. (the transition fr. 1 to 2 is observable SIG 741, 23), predom. the aor. (the fut. ind. [as early as Homer; freq. in V B.C. and later: Andocides 1, 43; Demosth. 19, 316; Herodas 7, 90; s. Meisterhans3-Schw. 255, 32; Nicol. Dam.: 90 Fgm. 16 p. 398, 5 Jac.; Hero Alex. I 368, 23 ὅπ. κινήσει; TestAbr B 1 p. 105, 4=Stone p. 58; TestJob 18:2; Jos., Ant. 11, 101] is given in several places as v.l. [e.g. Mt 26:59], but prob. should be changed everywhere to the aor. subj.).
    ⓐ with numerous types of verbs (in order) that, neg. ὅπ. μή in order that … not (B-D-F §369; Rob. 985–87).
    α. without ἄν (this is the rule) after a pres. (ApcSed 16:2; Ar. 9:6; Just., A I, 47, 6 al.) Mt 5:45 (impv.); 6:2, 5; Hb 9:15; 1 Pt 2:9; 2 Cl 9:6. After a perf. Ac 9:17; Hb 2:9; Lk 16:26 (w. μή). After the impf. Ac 9:24. After the aor. vss. 2, 12; 20:16 (w. μή); 25:26; Ro 9:17ab (Ex 9:16); 1 Cor 1:29 (w. μή); Gal 1:4; 1 Cl 10:2; 35:4; after the aor. impv. (TestAbr B 13 p. 117, 12 [Stone p. 82]; TestReub 1:4; JosAs 24:5; after the aor. ptc. Demetr.: 722 Fgm. 1, 1 Jac.) Mt 2:8; 5:16; 6:4, 18 (w. μή); Ac 23:15, 23; 2 Cor 8:11 (here γένηται or ᾖ is to be supplied as the predicate of the ὅπως-clause); GJs 21:2 codd.; AcPlCor 2:16. After the plpf. J 11:57 (ὅπως is found only here in J, prob. for variety’s sake, since ἵνα is used a few words before). After the fut. Mt 23:35. In accord w. God’s purpose as revealed in Scripture, an event can be presented w. the formula (this or that has happened) ὅπ. πληρωθῇ τὸ ῥηθὲν διὰ τ. προφητῶν (and sim. exprs.) Mt 2:23; 8:17; 12:17 v.l.; 13:35.—Alternating w. ἵνα (s. also J 11:57 above) 2 Cor 8:14; Lk 16:27f (the ἵνα-clause gives the content of the plea; the ὅπως-clause gives the purpose of the gift requested; so also Ex 23:20; TestAbr B 10 p. 114, 10 [Stone p. 76]; ApcMos 29; Just., D. 108, 1); 2 Th 1:11f (the ἵνα-clause gives the content, the ὅπως-clause the purpose of the prayer).
    β. with ἄν and the aor. subj. (B-D-F §369, 5; Rdm.2 194; Rob. 986; EHermann, Die Nebensätze in d. griech. Dialekten 1912, 276f; JKnuenz, De enuntiatis Graecorum finalibus 1913, 13ff; 26ff; Meisterhans3-Schw. 254; Mayser II/1 p. 254 f.—X., Cyr. 8, 3, 6 ἐπιμεληθῆναι ὅπως ἂν οὕτω γένηται; Pla., Gorg. 523d; PSI 435, 19 [258 B.C.]; 438, 19; PMagd 23, 7; LXX) Mt 6:5 v.l.; Lk 2:35; Ac 3:20; 15:17 (Am 9:12 v.l.); Ro 3:4 (Ps 50:6).
    ⓑ more and more replacing the inf. after verbs of asking that (B-D-F §392, 1) αἰτέομαι (Jos., Ant. 19, 288) Ac 25:3. δέομαι (Ps.-Aeschines, Ep. 3, 1; Par Jer 7, 24; 32; ApcMos 9 al.; Jos., Ant. 7, 191; 9, 9) Mt 9:38; Lk 10:2; Ac 8:24 (w. μή). ἐρωτάω (PTebt 409, 4 ff [5 A.D.]) Lk 7:3; 11:37; Ac 23:20. παρακαλέω (Jos., Ant. 8, 143) Mt 8:34 (v.l. ἵνα). προσεύχομαι or εὔχομαι (cp. PGM 3, 107; Jon 1:6; Jos., Ant. 11, 17) Ac 8:15; Js 5:16. So perh. also Phlm 6, where ὅπ. could be thought of as depending on προσεύχομαι derived in sense fr. vs. 4, unless ὅπως here=ὥστε (Archimed. I p. 16, 18 Heiberg ὅπως γένηται τὸ ἐπίταγμα al.).—Likew. after verbs of deciding (LXX) συμβούλιον λαμβάνειν ὅπ. resolve to Mt 12:14; 22:15 (D πῶς), where many scholars prefer the transl. consult with a view to. Also συμβούλιον διδόναι ὅπ. Mk 3:6.—DELG s.v. πο-. M-M.

    Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά παλαιοχριστιανική Λογοτεχνία > ὅπως

  • 16 armar

    v.
    1 to assemble (montar) (mueble, modelo).
    2 to arm.
    El general armó los soldados The general armed his soldiers.
    3 to load (fusil, pistola).
    armarla to cause trouble
    armó una buena con sus comentarios she really went and did it with the comments she made
    5 to put together, to assemble, to fit out, to mount.
    Ricardo armó la estantería Richard put the shelves together.
    6 to create, to bring about, to make, to make up.
    Armaron un gran alboroto anoche They created a lot of noise last night.
    * * *
    1 (dar armas) to arm
    2 (cargar) to load; (bayoneta) to fix
    3 (montar - mueble) to assemble; (- tienda) to pitch, put up; (- trampa) to set
    4 (preparar) to arrange, prepare; (organizar) to organize
    5 familiar (causar, originar) to cause, kick up, create
    6 (embarcación) to fit out
    7 (tela) to stiffen
    8 TÉCNICA to reinforce
    1 (proveerse) to provide oneself (de, with), arm oneself (de, with)
    2 (producirse) to be, break out
    \
    armarla familiar to cause trouble, kick up a fuss
    armarse de paciencia to summon up patience
    armarse de valor to pluck up courage
    va a armarse la gorda familiar there's going to be real trouble
    * * *
    verb
    2) assemble, put together
    •
    * * *
    1. VT
    1) [+ persona, ejército] to arm (con, de with)
    caballero
    2) (=montar) [+ mueble, ventana, juguete] to assemble, put together; [+ tienda de campaña] to pitch, put up; [+ trampa] to set; LAm [+ rompecabezas] to piece together, put together; [+ cigarrillo] to roll
    3) * (=organizar)

    armar una bronca o un escándalo — to kick up a fuss

    amenacé con marcharme armando un escándalo y cedieron — I threatened to leave and create a scene, so they gave in

    por favor, id entrando despacio, sin armar jaleo — go in slowly please, without making a racket

    4) [+ hormigón] to reinforce
    5) (Mil) [+ bayoneta] to fix; [+ rifle, cañón] to load; [+ arco] to bend
    6) (Náut) to fit out, commission
    7) (Cos) [+ chaqueta, solapa] to stiffen
    8)

    armar un pleito — LAm * to kick up a fuss *, get ready

    2.
    See:
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1)
    a) (Mil) <ciudadanos/país> to arm, supply... with arms
    b) ( equipar) < embarcación> to fit out, equip
    2)
    a) <estantería/reloj> to assemble; <tienda/carpa> to pitch, put up
    b) (AmL) < rompecabezas> to do, piece together
    c) (Col, RPl) < cigarro> to roll
    d) ( dar cuerpo a) <chaqueta/solapa> to stiffen
    3) (fam) <alboroto/ruido/lío> to make

    armar jaleo — to kick up o make a racket (colloq)

    armaron un escándalo porque... — they caused a real scene o commotion because...

    armarla — (fam)

    buena la has armado! — you've really done it now! (colloq)

    2.
    armarse v pron
    1)
    a) (Mil) to arm oneself
    b)

    armarse de algo — de armas/herramientas to arm oneself with something

    tendrás que armarte de paciencia — you will have to be patient o (liter) arm yourself with patience

    2)
    a) (fam) lío/jaleo

    qué lío/jaleo se armó! — there was a real commotion, it was pandemonium

    b) (fam) persona < lío>
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1)
    a) (Mil) <ciudadanos/país> to arm, supply... with arms
    b) ( equipar) < embarcación> to fit out, equip
    2)
    a) <estantería/reloj> to assemble; <tienda/carpa> to pitch, put up
    b) (AmL) < rompecabezas> to do, piece together
    c) (Col, RPl) < cigarro> to roll
    d) ( dar cuerpo a) <chaqueta/solapa> to stiffen
    3) (fam) <alboroto/ruido/lío> to make

    armar jaleo — to kick up o make a racket (colloq)

    armaron un escándalo porque... — they caused a real scene o commotion because...

    armarla — (fam)

    buena la has armado! — you've really done it now! (colloq)

    2.
    armarse v pron
    1)
    a) (Mil) to arm oneself
    b)

    armarse de algo — de armas/herramientas to arm oneself with something

    tendrás que armarte de paciencia — you will have to be patient o (liter) arm yourself with patience

    2)
    a) (fam) lío/jaleo

    qué lío/jaleo se armó! — there was a real commotion, it was pandemonium

    b) (fam) persona < lío>
    * * *
    armar1
    1 = arm, gird for.

    Ex: If the worst comes to the worst and you are attacked, try to escape rather than fight back, especially if you believe that your assailant may be armed.

    Ex: Australia's government girded on Monday for a battle with miners over its plan to slap the industry with a new 40 percent profits tax.
    * armar con = arm with.
    * armarse de = summon up.
    * armarse de munición = arm + Reflexivo + with ammunition.
    * armarse de paciencia = arm + Reflexivo + with patience, be extremely patient.
    * armarse de valor = muster (up) + (the) courage, pluck up + courage, nerve + Reflexivo, gather up + courage.
    * armarse hasta los dientes = be armed to the teeth.

    armar2
    2 = put together, fit out.

    Ex: The way in which this scheme is put together in book form often causes some confusion at first.

    Ex: To get full use out of them, however, you have to fit them out with accessories.
    * armar bulla = kick up + a stink, kick up + a fuss, raise + a stink, make + a stink (about), make + a racket, make + a row, make + a ruckus, kick up + a row.
    * armar el lío = make + trouble.
    * armar enredos = make + trouble.
    * armarla = kick up + a fuss, kick up + a stink, make + a stink (about), kick up + a row, raise + a stink, make + a racket, make + a row, make + a ruckus.
    * armar la de Dios = set + the cat among the pigeons, put + the cat among the pigeons.
    * armar la de San Quintín = kick up + a fuss, kick up + a stink, raise + a stink, make + a stink (about), make + a racket, make + a row, make + a ruckus, kick up + a row.
    * armarse la de Dios = bedlam + break loose, all hell + break loose.
    * armarse la de San Quintín = all hell + break loose, bedlam + break loose.
    * armar una bronca = kick up + a fuss, kick up + a stink, raise + a stink, make + a stink (about), make + a racket, make + a row, make + a ruckus, kick up + a row.
    * armar un escándalo = raise + a stink, kick up + a fuss, kick up + a stink, make + a stink (about), make + a racket, make + a row, make + a ruckus, kick up + a row.
    * armar un gran revuelo = set + the cat among the pigeons, put + the cat among the pigeons.
    * armar un lío = kick up + a fuss, kick up + a stink, raise + a stink, make + a stink (about), make + a racket, make + a row, make + a ruckus, kick up + a row.
    * armar un revuelo = create + a storm.

    * * *
    armar [A1 ]
    vt
    A
    1 (proveer de armas) ‹ciudadanos/país› to arm, supply … with arms
    2 (equipar) ‹embarcación› to fit out, equip
    B
    1 ‹mueble/máquina› to assemble; ‹tienda/carpa› to pitch, put up; ‹aparato/reloj› to assemble, put together
    2 ( AmL) ‹rompecabezas› to do, piece together
    3 (Col, RPl) ‹cigarro› to roll
    4 (dar cuerpo a) ‹chaqueta/solapa› to stiffen
    C ( fam); ‹alboroto› to make
    sigan jugando pero sin armar alboroto/jaleo carry on playing but don't kick up o make a racket ( colloq)
    armaron un escándalo porque no les quise devolver el dinero they caused a real scene o commotion o ( AmE) ruckus because I wouldn't give them their money back ( colloq), they kicked up a terrible fuss because I wouldn't give them their money back ( BrE colloq)
    armarla ( fam): no quiero hablar de eso, no tengo ganas de armarla otra vez I don't want to talk about that, I don't want to stir things up again o cause any more trouble ( colloq)
    ¡buena la has armado! you've really done it now! ( colloq)
    la que me armó porque llegué diez minutos tarde you should have seen the way he went on o ( colloq) carried on because I was 10 minutes late
    A
    1 (proveerse de armas) to arm oneself
    2 (de un utensilio) armarse DE algo to arm oneself WITH sth
    lo mejor es armarse de paciencia y esperar the best thing is just to be patient o ( liter) to arm yourself with patience and wait
    tuvo que armarse de valor y decírselo he had to pluck up courage o ( liter) arm himself with courage and tell her
    B
    1 ( fam)
    «lío/jaleo»: ¡qué lío/jaleo se armó! nadie se ponía de acuerdo there was a real commotion o it was pandemonium, nobody could agree on anything ( colloq)
    se armó una discusión terrible a terrible argument broke out, there was a terrible argument
    2 ( fam)
    «persona» ‹lío› me armé un lío con tanto número I got into a mess o ( BrE) muddle with all those numbers ( colloq), I got confused with all those numbers
    C ( Méx) (enriquecerse) ( fam) to make a fortune, to make a bundle ( AmE colloq), to make a packet ( BrE colloq)
    se armó para el resto de su vida he made enough to last him the rest of his life
    * * *

     

    armar ( conjugate armar) verbo transitivo
    1
    a) (Mil) ‹ciudadanos/país› to arm, supply … with arms


    2
    a) ‹estantería/reloj› to assemble;

    ‹tienda/carpa› to pitch, put up

    c) (Col, RPl) ‹ cigarro› to roll

    3 (fam) ‹alboroto/ruido/lío› to make;
    ◊ armar jaleo to kick up o make a racket (colloq);

    armar un escándalo to kick up a fuss;
    armarla (fam): ¡buena la has armado! you've really done it now! (colloq);
    la que me armó porque llegué tarde you should have seen the way he went on because I was late
    armarse verbo pronominal
    1

    b) armarse de algo ‹de armas/herramientas› to arm oneself with sth;


    armarse de valor to pluck up courage
    2
    a) (fam) [pelea/discusión] to break out;

    ◊ ¡qué jaleo se armó! there was a real commotion

    b) (fam) [ persona]:

    ◊ me armé un lío/una confusión I got into a mess (colloq)

    armar verbo transitivo
    1 (dar armas) to arm
    2 (ensamblar) to fit o put together, assemble
    3 fam (organizar un escándalo, un alboroto) la armaron buena, they kicked up a real fuss
    ' armar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    bulla
    - cirio
    - Cristo
    - jaleo
    - lío
    - bronca
    - camorra
    - escándalo
    English:
    arm
    - fuss
    - kick up
    - pitch
    - put together
    - rig
    - row
    - song
    - stink
    - assemble
    - construct
    - disturbance
    - erect
    - kick
    - put
    - set
    - stiffen
    - stir
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    1. [montar] [mueble, modelo] to assemble;
    [tienda] to pitch
    2. [ejército, personas] to arm;
    armaron a los ciudadanos con fusiles they armed the citizens with rifles;
    3. [fusil, pistola] to load
    4. Fam [lío, escándalo] to cause;
    armarla to cause trouble;
    armó una buena con sus comentarios she really went and did it with the comments she made;
    ¡buena la has armado! you've really gone and done it now!;
    armar bronca o [m5] bulla to kick up a row o racket;
    armar camorra to pick a fight;
    armar la gorda to kick up a fuss o stink
    5. [fundar, sentar] to base, to found
    6. Náut to fit out
    7. Am [cigarrillo] to roll
    8. Comp
    Méx Fam
    armarla: ¿sabes algo de electrónica? – no, no la armo do you know anything about electronics? – no, I'm no good in that department
    * * *
    v/t
    1 MIL arm
    2 TÉC assemble, put together
    3
    :
    armar un escándalo fam kick up a fuss fam, make a scene fam ;
    armarla cause trouble
    * * *
    armar vt
    1) : to assemble, to put together
    2) : to create, to cause
    armar un escándalo: to cause a scene
    3) : to arm
    * * *
    armar vb
    2. (montar muebles) to assemble
    ¿sabes armar la estantería? can you assemble the shelves?
    3. (montar tienda) to put up [pt. & pp. put]
    4. (causar) to make

    Spanish-English dictionary > armar

  • 17 कृ


    kṛi
    1) Ved. cl. 2. P. 2. sg. kárshi du. kṛithás pl. kṛithá;

    Ā. 2. sg. kṛishé;
    impf. 2. andﾠ 3. sg. ákar, 3. sg. rarely ákat ṠBr. III, XI ;
    3. du. ákartām;
    pl. ákarma, ákarta ( alsoﾠ BhP. ix), ákran (aor., according to Pāṇ. 4-2, 80 Kāṡ.);
    Ā. ákri RV. X, 159, 4 and 174, 4,
    ákṛithās RV. V, 30, 8,
    ákṛita ( RV.);
    akrātām ( ṠāṇkhṠr.), ákrata ( RV. AV.):
    Impv. kṛidhí ( alsoﾠ MBh. I, 5141 and BhP. VIII),
    kṛitám, kṛitá;
    Ā. kṛishvá, kṛidhvám;
    Subj. 2. andﾠ 3. sg. kar pl. kárma, kárta andﾠ kartana, kran;
    Ā. 3. sg. kṛita RV. IX, 69, 5,
    3. pl. kránta RV. I, 141, 3:
    Pot. kriyāma RV. X, 32, 9 ;
    pr. p. P. (nom. pl.) krántas Ā. krāṇá. cl. 1. P. kárasi, kárati, kárathas, káratas, káranti;
    Ā. kárase, kárate, kárāmahe:
    impf. ákaram, ákaras, ákarat (aor., according to Pāṇ. 3-1, 59):
    Impv. kára, káratam, káratām:
    Subj. káram, kárāṇi, káras, kárat, kárāma, káran;
    Ā. karāmahai;
    pr. p. (f.) kárantī (Naigh.) III. cl. 5. P. kṛiṇómi, - ṇóshi, - ṇóti, kṛiṇuthás, kṛiṇmás andﾠ kṛiṇmasi, kṛiṇuthá, kṛiṇvánti;
    Ā. kṛiṇvé, kṛiṇushé, kṛiṇuté, 3. du. kṛiṇvaíte RV. VI, 25, 4 ;
    pl. kṛiṇmáhe, kṛiṇváte:
    impf. ákṛiṇos, ákṛiṇot, ákṛiṇutam, ákṛiṇuta andﾠ - ṇotana RV. I, 110, 8,
    ákṛiṇvan;
    Ā. 3. sg. ákṛiṇuta pl. ákṛiṇudhvam, ákṛiṇvata:
    Impv. kṛiṇú orﾠ kṛiṇuhí orﾠ kṛiṇutā́t, kṛiṇótu, kṛiṇutám, kṛiṇutā́m, 2. pl. kṛiṇutá orﾠ kṛiṇóta orﾠ kṛiṇótana, 3. pl. kṛiṇvántu;
    Ā. kṛiṇushvá, kṛiṇutā́m, kṛiṇvā́thām, kṛiṇudhvám:
    Subj. kṛiṇávas, - ṇávat orﾠ - ṇávāt, kṛiṇávāva, - ṇávāma, - ṇávātha, - ṇávatha, - ṇávan;
    Ā. kṛiṇávai (once - ṇavā RV. X, 95, 2),
    kṛiṇavase ( alsoﾠ ṠvetUp. II, 7 v.l. - ṇvase), kṛiṇavate, kṛiṇávāvahai, kṛiṇávāmahai, 3. pl. kṛiṇávanta ( RV.) orﾠ kṛiṇavante orﾠ kṛiṇvata ( RV.):
    Pot. Ā. kṛiṇvītá;
    pr. p. P. kṛiṇvát (f. -vatī́) Ā. kṛiṇvāṇá. IV) cl. 8. (this is the usual formation in the Brāhmaṇas;
    Sūtras, andﾠ in classical Sanskṛit) P. karómi
    (ep. kurmi MBh. III, 10943 R. II, 12, 33);
    kurvás, kuruthás, kurutás, kurmás < kulmas in an interpolation after RV. X, 128 >,
    kuruthá, kurvánti;
    Ā. kurvé, etc., 3. pl. kurváte (Pāṇ. 6-4, 108-110):
    impf. akaravam, akaros, akarot, akurva, etc.;
    Ā. 3. sg. akuruta pl. akurvata:
    Impv. kuru, karotu (in the earlier language 2. andﾠ 3. sg. kurutāt, 3. sg. alsoﾠ BhP. VI, 4, 34),
    kuruta orﾠ kurutana Nir. IV, 7 ;
    Ā. kurushva, kurudhvam, kurvátām:
    Subj. karavāṇi, karavas, - vāt, - vāva orﾠ - vāvas (Pāṇ. 3-4, 98 Kāṡ.),
    - vāma orﾠ - vāmas ( ib.), - vātha, - van;
    Ā. karavai, kuruthās, karavāvahai ( TUp. ;
    - he MBh. III, 10762),
    karavaithe, - vaite (Pāṇ. 3-4, 95, Kāṡ),
    - vāmahai (- he MBh. R. I, 18, 12):
    Pot. P. kuryām Ā. kurvīya (Pāṇ. 6-4, 109 and 110) ;
    pr. p. P. kurvát (f. -vatī́);
    Ā. kurvāṇá:
    perf. P. cakā́ra, cakártha, cakṛivá, cakṛimá, cakrá (Pāṇ. 7-2, 13) ;
    Ā. cakré, cakriré;
    p. cakṛivas (acc. cakrúsham RV. X, 137, 1);
    Ā. cakrāṇa ( Vop.): 2nd fut. karishyáti;
    Subj. 2. sg. karishyā́s RV. IV, 30, 23 ; 1st fut. kártā:
    Prec. kriyāsam:
    aor. P. Ved. cakaram RV. IV, 42, 6,
    acakrat RV. IV, 18, 12, ácakriran RV. VIII, 6, 20 ;
    Ā. 1. sg. kṛiske RV. X, 49, 7 ;
    Class. akārshīt Pāṇ. 7-2, 1 Kāṡ. ;
    (once akārashīt BhP. I, 10, 1);
    Pass. aor. reflex. akāri andﾠ akṛita (Pāṇ. 3-1, 62 Kāṡ.):
    Inf. kártum, Ved. kártave, kártavaí, kártos ( seeﾠ ss.vv.);
    ind. p. kṛitvā́, Ved. kṛitvī́ < RV. > andﾠ kṛitvā́ya TS. IV, V ;
    to do, make, perform, accomplish, cause, effect, prepare, undertake RV. etc.;
    to do anything for the advantage orﾠ injury of another (gen. orﾠ loc.) MBh. R. etc.;
    to execute, carry out (as an order orﾠ command) ib. ;
    to manufacture, prepare, work at, elaborate, build ib. ;
    to form orﾠ construct one thing out of another (abl. orﾠ instr.) R. I, 2, 44 Hit. etc.. ;
    to employ, use, make use of (instr.) ṠvetUp. Mn. X, 91 MBh. etc.. ;
    to compose, describe R. I ;
    to cultivate Yājñ. II, 158 (cf. Mn. X, 114);
    to accomplish any period, bring to completion, spend
    (e.g.. varshāṇidaṡacakruḥ, « they spent ten years» MBh. XV, 6 ;
    kshaṇaṉkuru, « wait a moment» MBh. ;
    cf. kritakshaṇa);
    to place, put, lay, bring, lead, take hold of (acc. orﾠ loc. orﾠ instr. e.g.. ardháṉ-kṛi, to take to one's own side orﾠ party, cause to share in (gen.;
    seeﾠ 2. ardhá);
    haste orﾠ pāṇau-kṛi, to take by the hand, marry Pāṇ. 1-4, 77 ;
    hṛidayena-kṛi, to place in one's heart, love Mṛicch. ;
    hṛidi-kṛi, to take to heart, mind, think over, consider Rājat. V, 313 ;
    manasi-kṛi id. R. II, 64, 8 Hcar. ;
    to determine, purpose <ind. p. - sikṛitvā orﾠ - si-kṛitya> Pāṇ. 1-4, 75 ;
    vaṡe-kṛi, to place in subjection, become master of Mn. II, 100);
    to direct the thoughts, mind, etc. ( mánas RV. Mn. MBh. etc.. ;
    orﾠ buddhim Nal. XXVI, 10 orﾠ matim MBh. R. orﾠ bhāvam < ib. >, etc.)
    towards any object, turn the attention to, resolve upon, determine on
    (loc. dat. inf., orﾠ a sentence with iti e.g.. māṡokemanaḥkṛithāḥ,
    do not turn your mind to grief Nal. XIV, 22 ;
    gamanāyamatiṉcakre, he resolved upon going R. I, 9, 55 ;
    alābuṉsamutsrashṭuṉmanaṡcakre, he resolved to create a gourd MBh. III, 8844 ;
    drashṭātavâ̱smî ̱timatiṉcakāra, he determined to seeﾠ him MBh. III, 12335);
    to think of (acc.) R. I, 21, 14 ;
    to make, render (with two acc. e.g.. ādityaṉkāshṭhāmakurvata, they made the sun their goal AitBr. IV, 7) RV. ṠBr. etc.;
    to procure for another, bestow, grant (with gen. orﾠ loc.) RV. VS. ṠBr. etc.. ;
    Ā. to procure for one's self, appropriate, assume ṠBr. BṛĀrUp. Mn. VII, 10 etc.. ;
    to give aid, help any one to get anything (dat.) RV. VS. ;
    to make liable to (dat.) RV. III, 41, 6 ṠBr. IV ;
    to injure, violate (e.g.. kanyāṉ-kṛi, to violate a maiden) Mn. VIII, 367 and 369 ;
    to appoint, institute ChUp. Mn. ;
    to give an order, commission Mn. R. II, 2, 8 ;
    to cause to get rid of, free from (abl. orﾠ - tas) Pāṇ. 5-4, 49 Kāṡ. ;
    to begin (e.g.. cakreṡobhayitumpurīm, they began to adorn the city) R. II, 6, 10 ;
    to proceed, act, put in practice VS. ṠBr. AitBr. etc.;
    to worship, sacrifice RV. ṠBr. Mn. III, 210 ;
    to make a sound ( svaram orﾠ ṡabdam) MBh. III, 11718 Pāṇ. 4-4, 34 Hit.),
    utter, pronounce (often ifc. with the sounds phaṭ, phut, bhāṇ, váshaṭ, svadhā́, svā́hā, hiṉ), pronounce any formula (Mn. II, 74 and XI, 33) ;
    (with numeral adverbs ending in dhā) to divide, separate orﾠ break up into parts (e.g.. dvidhā-kṛi, to divide into two parts, ind. p. dvidhākṛitvā orﾠ dvidhā-kṛitya orﾠ - kāram Pāṇ. 3-4, 62 ;
    sahasradhā-kṛi, to break into a thousand pieces);
    (with adverbs ending in vat) to make like orﾠ similar, consider equivalent (e.g.. rājyaṉtṛiṇa-vatkṛitvā, valuing the kingdom like a straw Vet.);
    (with adverbs ending in sāt)
    to reduce anything to, cause to become, make subject
    ( seeﾠ ātma-sāt, bhasma-sāt) Pāṇ. 5-4, 52ff. ;
    The above senses of kṛi may be variously modified orﾠ almost infinitely extended according to the noun with which this root is connected, as in the following examples:
    sakhyaṉ-kṛi, to contract friendship with;
    pūjāṉ-kṛi, to honour;
    rājyaṉ-kṛi, to reign;
    snehaṉ-kṛi, to show affection;
    ājñāṉ orﾠ nideṡaṉ orﾠ ṡāsanaṉ orﾠ kāmaṉ orﾠ yācanāṉ orﾠ vacaḥ orﾠ vacanaṉ orﾠ vākyaṉ-kṛi, to perform any one's command orﾠ wish orﾠ request etc.;
    dharmaṉ-kṛi, to do one's duty Mn. VII, 136 ;
    nakhāni-kṛi, « to clean one's nails» seeﾠ kṛita-nakha;
    udakaṉ Mn. Yājñ. R. Daṡ. orﾠ salilaṉ R. I, 44, 49 kṛi, to offer a libation of Water to the dead;
    to perform ablutions;
    astrāṇi-kṛi, to practise the use of weapons MBh. III, 11824 ;
    darduraṉ-kṛi, to breathe the flute Pāṇ. 4-4, 34 ;
    daṇḍaṉ-kṛi, to inflict punishment etc. Vet. ;
    kālaṉ-kṛi, to bring one's time to an end i.e. to die;
    ciraṉ-kṛi, to be long in doing anything, delay;
    manasā (for - si seeﾠ above) kṛi, to place in one's mind, think of, meditate MBh. ;
    ṡirasā-kṛi, to place on one's the head;
    mūrdhnā-kṛi, to place on one's head, obey, honour
    Very rarely in Veda AV. XVIII, 2, 27,
    but commonly in the Brāhmaṇas, Sūtras,
    andﾠ especially in classical Sanskṛit the perf.
    forms cakāra andﾠ cakre auxiliarily used to form the periphrastical perfect of verbs, especially of causatives e.g.. āsāṉcakre, « he sat down» ;
    gamayā́ṉcakāra, « he caused to go» < seeﾠ Pāṇ. 3-1, 40 ;
    in Veda some other forms of kṛi are used in a similar way, viz. pr. karoti ṠāṇkhṠr. ;
    impf. akar MaitrS. and Kāṭh. ;
    3. pl. akran MaitrS. and TBr. ;
    Prec. kriyāt MaitrS. ( seeﾠ Pāṇ. 3-1, 42);
    according to Pāṇ. 3-1, 41, alsoﾠ karotu with vid>
    Caus. kārayati, - te,
    to cause to act orﾠ do, cause another to perform, have anything made orﾠ done by another
    (double acc. instr. andﾠ acc. < seeﾠ Pāṇ. 1-4, 53 >
    e.g.. sabhāṉkāritavān, he caused an assembly to be made Hit. ;
    rāja-darṡanaṉmāṉkāraya, cause me to have an audience of the king;
    vāṇijyaṉkārayedvaiṡyam, he ought to cause the Vaiṡya to engage in trade Mn. VIII, 410 ;
    naṡakshyāmikiṉcitkārayituṉtvayā, I shall not be able to have anything done by thee MBh. II, 6);
    to cause to manufacture orﾠ form orﾠ cultivate Lāṭy. Yājñ. II, 158 MBh. etc.. ;
    to cause to place orﾠ put, have anything placed, put upon, etc.
    (e.g.. taṉcitrapaṭaṉvāsa-gṛihebhittāvakārayat,
    he had the picture placed on the wall in his house Kathās. V, 30) Mn. VIII, 251. ;
    Sometimes the Caus. of kṛi is used for the simple verb orﾠ without a causal signification
    (e.g.. padaṉkārayati, he pronounces a word Pāṇ. 1-3, 71 Kāṡ. ;
    mithyāk-, he pronounces wrongly ib. ;
    kaikeyīmanurājānaṉkāraya, treat orﾠ deal with Kaikeyī as the king does R. II, 58, 16):
    Desid. cíkīrshati (aor. 2. sg. acikīrshīs ṠBr. III), ep. alsoﾠ - te, to wish to make orﾠ do, intend to do, design, intend, begin, strive after AV. XII, 4, 19 ṠBr. KātyṠr. Mn. etc.. ;
    to wish to sacrifice orﾠ worship AV. V, 8, 3:
    Intens. 3. pl. karikrati (pr. p. kárikrat seeﾠ Naigh. II, 1 and Pāṇ. 7-4, 65),
    to do repeatedly RV. AV. TS. ;
    Class. carkarti orﾠ carikarti orﾠ carīkarti Pāṇ. 7-4, 92 Kāṡ.,
    alsoﾠ carkarīti orﾠ carikarīti orﾠ carīkarīti orﾠ cekrīyate < ib. Sch. Vop. >;
    + cf. Hib. caraim, « I perform, execute» ;
    ceard, « an art, trade, business, function» ;
    sucridh, « easy» ;
    Old Germ. karawan, « to prepare» ;
    Mod. Germ. gar, « prepared (as food)» ;
    Lat. creo, ceremonia;
    κραίνω, κρόνος
    2) cl. 3. P. p. cakrát (Pot. 2. sg. cakriyās;
    aor. 1. sg. akārsham AV. VII, 7, 1 orﾠ akārisham RV. IV, 39, 6),
    to make mention of, praise, speak highly of (gen.) RV. AV.:
    Intens. (1. sg. carkarmi, 1. pl. carkirāma, 3. pl. carkiran;
    Impv. 2. sg. carkṛitā́t andﾠ carkṛidhi;
    aor. 3. sg. Ā. cárkṛishe) id. RV. AV. (cf. kārú, kīrí, kīrtí.)
    3) to injure, etc. seeﾠ 2. kṛī
    to make the sound kharaṭa Pāṇ. 5-4, 57 Kāṡ. ;
    P. - karoti, to make straight ib.

    Sanskrit-English dictionary > कृ

  • 18 titular1

    1 = holder, the, owner, occupant, starting player.
    Ex. The statement of copyright is an indication of the holder of the copyright of that work and of the year in which this right was obtained.
    Ex. The owner of the memex, let us say, is interested in the origin and properties of the bow and arrow.
    Ex. The administrative assistant position is a new one, and its first occupant, Booth Slye, has been on the job one week.
    Ex. They continues to win without starting players.
    ----
    * equipo titular = starting team.
    * profesor titular = associate professor.
    * profesor titular interino = lecturer.
    * titular de cuenta bancaria = bank account holder.
    * titular de la cuenta = account holder.
    * titular de la tarjeta = cardholder.
    * titular del cargo = incumbent.
    * titular del copyright = copyright holder, copyright owner.
    * titular del derecho = payee entitled.
    * titular del derecho de autor = rights-holder [rightsholder], copyright holder.
    * titular de los derechos de autor = rights-owner.
    * titular de noticias = news headline.
    * titular de una licencia = licensee.
    * titular de una patente = patentee.
    * * *

    titular1
    I adj Dep first-team player
    Educ permanent
    médico titular, permanent doctor
    II
    1 mf (de una cuenta, un cargo) holder
    (de una propiedad, casa, etc) owner
    III m Prensa headline
    (en televisión) titulares, main stories
    ' titular1' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    titular

    Spanish-English dictionary > titular1

  • 19 trúa

    * * *
    I)
    (gen. trú), f. = trú; svá njóta ek trú minnar, þat veit trúa mín, in good sooth, upon my word.
    (trúi, trúða, trúat), v.
    1) to believe, with dat. (mundir þú t. fyrirburð þessum, ef Njáll segði þér?);
    2) in a religious sense, to believe; t. á e-n, to believe in (t. á einn guð);
    3) to believe in, trust (meyjar orðum skýli manngi t.).
    * * *
    f., gen., dat., and acc. trú, like frú (q. v.), but without plur.; this is the old form, whence comes the contr. nom. trú, and later even a gen. trúar, which is prevalent in mod. usage; the gen. trúar occurs in vellums, Barl. 151. l. 16, Fs. 103 (from the Arna-Magn. No. 132), and Skálda (in a verse); so also passim in Post. S. Edit. C.R.Unger, 1872; the old bissyll. form still occurs in the Icel. N. T., ó þú kona, mikil er þín trúa, Matt. xv. 28: [Dan. troe; A. S. treowe]:—trust, belief; segja upp á trú sína, Fms. xi. 285; þeir sögðusk vildu tala við hann með trú, 400; rjúfa trú sína, 356; ok gáfu þar til trú sína, Fas. ii. 540; svá sem trúa þeirra öðlask, Blas. 50: as an oath, þat veit trúa mín, upon my word! by my troth! Edda 25, Bær. 2; þat er mín trúa, at …, Edda 5; svá njóta ek trú minnar, by my troth! i. 130.
    II. faith, belief, in a theological sense; Helgi var blandinn mjök í trú, þann trúði á Krist, en hét á Þór til sjófara ok harðræða, Landn. 206; taka við trú, to receive the Christian faith, Nj. 158, 162; at trúa þessi skuli við gangask, id.; ung er nú trúan, Valla L. 209, Lil. 34; at sú var sönn trúa, Fms. i. 231; þat er heiðinna manna trúa, at …, Bret. 56; trú várrar, Greg. 14; sinnar trú, Pd. 8; þinnar trú, Blas.; snúask til trú, Blanda; réttrar trú, id., Lex. Poët.; til styrkðar trúar (gen.) várrar, Greg. 14; þat hafði hann helzt til trúar, at …, Fs. 103; ung at aldri fegri at trú, svá var trúa hennar mikil, at …, Bs. i. 204; ó-trú, unbelief; van-trú (as also Fb. i. 312, l. c.)
    B. COMPDS: trúboð, trúbót, trúarbót, trúbrögð, trúfylgja, trúhald, trúarjátning, trúarníðingr, trúskjöldr, trúverk, trúarvilla.

    Íslensk-ensk orðabók > trúa

  • 20 كما

    كَمَا \ as: a fact which: This boy was the winner, as everyone knows, (showing how) in the way that I like it as it is. \ كَمَا لَمْ (بَعْدَ جملة منفيّة)‏ \ neither: (following a negative sentence) not also: They will not go, so neither will or shall I (so I also will or shall not go). \ See Also كَمَا لَنْ، كَمَا لا \ كَمَا أُحِبُّه \ to sb.’s liking: as sb. likes sth.: the cheese was not to his liking. \ كَمَا هو مُتَوَقَّع أو مُنْتَظَر منه \ it is like sb. to do sth.: it is what one expects sb. to do: It’s just like him to lose his keys. \ كَمَا هو معروف للجميع \ of course: as everyone knows: The earth is, of course, round. \ كَمَا وَلَدَتْهُ أُمُّه \ stark-naked: having the body quite bare, without any clothes. \ كَمَا يبدو \ on the face of it: judging by what one sees or hears: On the face of it, that’s a good idea; but will it work?. \ كَمَا يجب \ duly: properly; as expected: The bill was duly paid. The train duly arrived. \ كَمَا يلي \ as follows: as written next: John wrote as follows: ‘Dear Father, I need...’. \ كَمَا يَنْبَغي \ duly: properly; as expected: The bill was duly paid. The train duly arrived.

    Arabic-English dictionary > كما

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